And in the days of those kings the God of heaven will set up a kingdom that shall never be destroyed, nor shall the kingdom be left to another people. It shall break in pieces all these kingdoms and bring them to an end, and it shall stand forever,
Daniel stands before the king of Babylon, explaining a dream about a giant statue of gold, silver, bronze, iron and clay — a picture of world empires that rise one after another. Verse 44 is where that dream ends, and it raises questions that still divide readers: when is this kingdom set up, who are "these kings," and is it the gospel spreading quietly or something else?
opening two very-hard sentences (grade 15 and 21)
The timing: "in the days of these kings"
The opening phrase fixes the date. One writer treats it as decisive against placing this verse at Christ's birth. (The ESV reads "those kings"; older versions, which the writers quote, read "these kings.")
William KellyMark those words, "in the days of these kings." They are a complete answer to those who have tried to make this the birth of Christ. They call that moment the start of the kingdom of grace. At the time here spoken of, the empire is broken up and divided. Was that the case when the Lord was born? Nothing of the sort. Rome was then at its fullest power. There was not the smallest crack anywhere in the empire. There was only one ruler, and only one will in control... What then does the verse refer to? I believe it points to the closing scene of the Roman Empire: not to the time when Christ was born, but to when the Lord Jesus comes with divine power to judge. No doubt He is the stone; but this is a destructive stone, wiping out the kingdoms of the earth.
Commentators of the period disagreed over the identity of "these kings," and Kelly states his own view against others in the debate:
William KellyI differ from Mr. Myers in referring "these kings" (not to the four kingdoms, but) to the toes of the great image, that is, to the ten rulers of the revived Roman empire in the last days, existing at the same time, whose judgment makes way for the universal prevalence of God's kingdom, which Christ in person shall administer.
Not a kingdom that spreads by preaching
One writer tests a popular reading against what the stone does in the dream:
W. T. P. WolstonI am well aware that many expounders of the Word of God have tried to make out that this is the Gospel. I do not see how they make it out at all. I do not think the Gospel is very destructive, as this falling stone certainly is. And I ask you this: Did the Gospel ever smite the image? Never — the image smote Christ. It was the Roman power that killed the Lord Jesus. The Gospel has never set aside the civil power in this world. On the contrary, the Gospel has always suffered, and it will suffer right on to the end.
One writer notes what must happen before the stone becomes a mountain:
J. N. DarbyThe little stone cut out without hands does not become a mountain until it has judged, broken in pieces and destroyed the image. And note: striking the image and then filling the whole earth is not the setting up of Christ's kingdom on the day of Pentecost. It is not an influence that changes the gold, the silver and the rest into the character of the stone. It is the sudden execution of judgment on the image — a blow that breaks it in pieces and leaves no trace of it behind.
"Break in pieces and consume" — sudden, not slow
Some have pressed the word "consume" to argue for a long, gradual wearing down of the empires. That reading is rejected on the grounds of the language itself:
William KellyThe effort to find gradual and successive steps in Dan. 2:44, Dan. 7:26, and 2 Thess. 2:8 is unworthy of sound scholarship, and contradicts the plain object of the three texts, which describe nothing else or less than a sudden and complete extinction. Consuming in a slow way and by evangelical means is ruled out by the least approach to exact criticism, as well as by spiritual judgment.
Set up by "the God of heaven"
The title "the God of heaven" belongs to a particular moment in Israel's history:
W. TrotterIt is as "the God of heaven" that God acts in giving power to the Gentiles. As "God of the earth" His throne was at Jerusalem, and will be when He again makes Himself known in that way. But His earthly throne has been set aside. Those who were responsible for holding and administering His authority acted wickedly. So He now acts as "God of heaven," giving authority to the Gentile monarch.
Never destroyed, never handed on
The verse promises what no empire in the statue could offer: a kingdom that cannot be destroyed and never passes to another people.
The Christian's FriendThis kingdom set up from heaven is the kingdom of Christ (see Daniel 7:1-14). Its first act will be to break the "image" in pieces. Then, when Christ Himself formally establishes it in power, it will grow until it fills the whole earth. It will have no successor, for it will stand for ever.
The stone becomes a "great mountain" — a picture of what the kingdom will be like:
George BellThe description of it as "a great mountain" suggests its permanence and stability... Sin has ravaged the world for centuries, and man has tried to dethrone God. In that same world there will be righteousness, peace and gladness.
What it means for believers now
Timing is not just theory. It shapes how Christians live now:
William KellyChristians are called to live apart from the world, to suffer, to stay separate and to submit, like the crucified Lord here below. Now if Daniel 2:44 is wrongly applied to a kingdom already set up, the church has to subdue and destroy the imperial powers... Through that error the church becomes a rebel in Christ's name, instead of a holy sufferer, as Christ and His servants taught and practised.
Summary
- Stone first. The kingdom arrives by a blow, not by growth — the stone strikes the image before it ever becomes a mountain.
- Then timing. "In the days of these kings" points to an empire already broken up and divided. Rome was not like that when Christ was born.
- Then giver. "The God of heaven" sets it up. He takes that title after His throne at Jerusalem is set aside and rule passes to the Gentiles.
- Then reach. The old order ends with one sudden blow. Then the kingdom fills the whole earth with righteousness, peace and gladness.
- Then us. Until the stone falls, Christians suffer and stay separate. They must not seize the power this verse keeps for Christ.