who killed both the Lord Jesus and the prophets, and drove us out, and displease God and oppose all mankind
1 Thessalonians 2:15 · ESVView all translations

Paul comforts a young church that its own neighbours are hounding, and he points it to believers in Judea who suffered the same way. That comparison leads him into one of his sharpest charges — a list that reaches back through Israel's history and out to the whole human race.

A charge that gathers up a whole history

The killing of Jesus was not a single crime standing on its own. One writer traces the line from the prophets to the cross, and shows that the cross did not end the pattern:

But the Jewish people made light of their privileges and threw them away. They killed the prophets who pressed their unfaithfulness and their falling away from God on their consciences. Their guilt reached its peak at a time when outward religion still looked orderly. Then the shameful rejection and death of their own Messiah exposed their real unbelief and hatred of God. But evil is never satisfied. Even the cross only sharpened their bitterness against those who witnessed to God's grace. They "drove us out."

William Kelly

The charge that the Old Testament never made

God's older quarrel with the nation was about idolatry. This verse brings a new charge:

In the past God's great case against the Jews was their constant idolatry. The Old Testament prophets are full of it. The New Testament adds a still greater charge: they "killed the Lord Jesus." On top of that, they drove the Apostle out by persecution and, as far as they could, blocked the gospel from going out to the Gentiles. They refused to go through the door of salvation themselves, and as far as they could they stopped others from going through it.

F. B. Hole

Not a new sin, and not only theirs

The verse links the death of Jesus with the death of the prophets. One writer draws out what that says about human nature, and not only about one nation:

The death of Jesus was the peak of Israel's sin, but it was not a new kind of sin for them. In earlier times the mere report of His coming was enough to make that nation hate and murder all the prophets sent to them. What hatred this shows! They did not only murder Him when He appeared. Their bitterness ran so deep that they killed anyone who prophesied of His coming, even before they saw Him. Stephen charged this bloodthirsty spirit home on the council as the nation's crowning sin against the Lord. And him they murdered — the first martyr in the church. It may help us to remember that in Israel God was testing human nature itself. So in their conduct we see what the Gentiles would have done, if they had had the same chance.

G. V. Wigram

Why the message enraged them

Paul says they drove him out. One writer explains why the message itself made them so angry:

The preaching of grace drives those who hold the law into fury. Grace makes little of any earthly privilege, and insists that the Jew is as ruined as the Gentile. So the Jew's hatred of the gospel never dies... But grace goes further. It proclaims blessings in Christ beyond compare, it wipes out every distinction, and it brings the believer, Jew or Gentile alike, into a new place of heavenly relationship and everlasting favour. That they cannot bear.

William Kelly

Displeasing God, opposing everyone

Their own zeal did not settle the matter, and neither did the number of people who agreed with them. Where the ESV says they "oppose all mankind," older translations read "contrary to all men":

Certainly this was not pleasing to God, no matter how zealous for God they claimed to be. It was "contrary to all men," or "against all men," for it was against the proper interests of all mankind. Many might agree with them, but it was still to the actual harm of them all.

Leslie M. Grant

The same hostility shows up again and again:

It was religion that led the attack on Christ while He was here on earth. Later it was religion that persecuted His followers. Religion not only refused the gospel; it tried to stop it from flowing out to others.

A. J. Pollock

The phrase is not the last word

The charge describes the present, not the end of the story. Writing about the promised new heavens and new earth, one commentator sets that future against this very phrase:

Jerusalem will be a rejoicing, instead of a heartache, as it is now. Her people will be a joy, instead of "contrary to all men" (1 Thess. 2:15) as they are now. Sorrow will depart and prosperity be established.

F. B. Hole

Summary

- Pattern — Killing Jesus was the peak, not the start. The same hatred had already killed the prophets who announced Him.

- Mirror — In Israel human nature itself was on trial. Their conduct shows what anyone else would have done with the same chance.

- Cause — Grace enrages those who trust in privilege. It puts Jew and Gentile on the same ground.

- Measure — Zeal did not please God, and wide agreement did not make it good for anyone. Opposing the gospel works against everyone's real interests.

- Reversal — The charge describes a present condition, not a permanent one. The same city is promised as a joy instead of a heartache.

Reviewed by Orion on August 25, 2026