And I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried with a loud voice, saying to all the birds that fly in mid-heaven, Come, gather yourselves to the great supper of God,
Revelation 19 has just shown heaven opened and the rider on the white horse going out to judge. Now a single angel takes his stand in the sun and calls the birds to a meal. Why does a chapter that began with a wedding feast end with a feast of a very different kind?
Commentators read the angel's place in the sun as a picture of authority, not a detail of geography.
J. N. DarbyThe angel, standing in the sun, acts in the power and supreme authority of God. He acts in judgment against the one who stands in opposition to God.
The open setting matters too:
William KellyAn angel speaks, obedient to His word and the instrument of His power. He stands in the sun — the symbol of supreme authority. For it is not now a thing done in a corner. There are no terms of forbearance: all must be thoroughly open. Nor is it now a partial, but a complete and final judgment.
Older English versions read "the supper of the great God." Commentators question that wording.
Walter ScottWe have had the joyous marriage supper of the Lamb; here we have the great supper of God. The word great is attached to the supper, not to God.
The ESV follows this reading.
Grace spread a table first. This second supper follows the refusal of the first.
T. B. BainesGod prepared a great supper before, a banquet of grace and love. He sent out His servants to call those who were invited. For nearly two thousand years the table has been spread. Still men turn a deaf ear, and go, one to his farm, and another to his business... But God will not be mocked forever. The day of judgment has now dawned... And now another supper is spread, the supper of the great God. The flesh of kings and captains, the despisers alike of grace and judgment, is the dreadful meal.
The two tables also differ in their guests:
William KellyThere was an invitation to the marriage supper of the Lamb. But there is another and very different supper, the great supper of God. Here it is not the blessed whom God's grace invites.
The summons comes before the fighting starts.
Walter ScottThe supper to which he invites the ravenous birds of prey comes after the battle. But the birds are summoned in vision before the fight. The great supper is of the dead. Kings, captains, mighty men, horses and their riders, free and bond, small and great, lie in the silence of death. Their bodies are a prey to the birds of Heaven. They have been slain by the one sharp sword in the heavenly army. Christ speaks, and at once judgment overtakes the gathered opposing hosts.
Read that way, the call itself settles the contest before it starts:
F. B. HoleThere is no doubt as to the issue. The call of the angel to the birds of heaven declares it in no uncertain terms. There may be kings and captains and mighty men and horses, but all of them will be but food for vultures.
The supper spares no rank, from kings down to slaves. One writer sets that end against the age it closes.
William KellyA sad and humbling end for human pride at any time. It is saddest of all after the corruption of the church and the turning away from law and gospel, when modern civilisation will have proved itself faithless and hostile to God and His Son.
One writer points to the prophet Ezekiel, where the account does not stop at slaughter.
H. H. SnellThe prophet Ezekiel refers to it. Like other prophets, he shows us that judgment comes before Israel's blessing on the earth. He first tells us that the birds and the beasts of the field will eat the flesh and drink the blood of the princes of the earth. Then he adds, "I will set my glory among the nations... and have mercy on the whole house of Israel... neither will I hide my face from them any more."
- Two tables. One chapter holds two suppers: the marriage supper of the Lamb and the great supper of God. The same word covers the highest joy and the deepest horror.
- One invitation refused. Grace spread its table first, and men made excuses. Judgment spreads the second table, because "God will not be mocked forever."
- Announced from the sun. The angel stands in the seat of supreme authority, in the open — nothing partial, nothing hidden, nothing done in a corner.
- Settled before it starts. The angel calls the birds before the battle, because one sword in the heavenly army leaves the result in no doubt.
- No rank exempt. Kings and slaves, small and great, share one end — human pride finishing as food for vultures.
that ye may eat flesh of kings, and flesh of chiliarchs, and flesh of strong men, and flesh of horses and of those that sit upon them, and flesh of all, both free and bond, and small and great.
Revelation 19 sets two feasts side by side: one where the redeemed are guests, and one where the birds are. This verse names the menu of the second: kings, commanders, riders and slaves. Why should God's final judgment on human power look like a meal?
The chapter has just described a wedding banquet in heaven. This second supper is its opposite.
J. G. BellettRevelation 19 sets out two suppers: the supper of "the Lamb," and the supper of "the great God." The supper of the Lamb is a scene of joy in heaven. Blessed are those who are called to it. It is a marriage supper. The supper of the great God is the fruit of the solemn, terrible judgment that closes the history of the earth as it now is. It is the judgment of this present world in its revolt against God. The bodies of the Lord's allied enemies become food for the birds of the air.
The pairing is not isolated. The whole chapter is built on opposites.
H. H. SnellThis chapter is full of contrasts. Here are two women, two suppers, two armies, and two kings. The great prostitute stands in contrast with the Lamb's wife, the supper of the great God with the marriage supper of the Lamb, the armies of heaven with the armies of the beast, and the beasts and kings of the earth with the King of kings, and Lord of lords.
Translations differ over one word here: does "great" describe God, or the supper?
Walter ScottWe have had the joyous marriage supper of the Lamb; here we have the great supper of God. The word great is attached to the supper, not to God.
The invitation comes from an angel standing in the sun.
William KellyHere it is not the blessed whom God's grace invites. An angel speaks in obedience to His word, as the instrument of His power. He stands in the sun — the symbol of supreme authority. For it is not now a thing done in a corner. There are no terms of forbearance: all must be thoroughly open. Nor is it now a partial, but a complete and final judgment.
The verse runs down the social ladder deliberately, from crowns to chains, and writers read that as the collapse of human self-importance.
William KellyA sad and humbling end for human pride at any time; saddest of all after the corruption of the church and turning away from law and gospel, when modern civilisation will have proved itself faithless and hostile to God and His Son.
One word repeats through the verse, and the end of the chapter shows the result.
Walter ScottFive times we read of "flesh" as the food of the birds of heaven. What a humiliating end to the pride, pomp, strength, and chivalry of Europe! The vulture, eagle, and other birds of prey feed on the great and mighty. Their very names may fill the history books of that time. "All the birds were gorged with their flesh" (v. 21), filled to the full. How awful the slaughter! How immense the number of the slain!
God had sent out invitations to a very different supper long before.
T. B. BainesGod prepared a great supper before, a banquet of grace and love. He sent out His servants to call those who were invited. For nearly two thousand years the table has been spread. Still men turn a deaf ear, and go, one to his farm, and another to his business... And now another supper is spread, the supper of the great God. The flesh of kings and captains, the despisers alike of grace and judgment, is the dreadful meal.
Ezekiel 39 records a similar summons. One writer notes a difference in the guest list.
William KellyIf the Lord invites the creatures of prey to a great sacrifice, will He not make good His word! A similar call is made in Revelation 19:17-18, but there only to all the birds that fly in mid-heaven. It is in view of the slaughter that is to fall on the armies of the west at the end of this age. I suppose only the birds are named there, in keeping with the judgment of those who have abandoned the heavenly testimony of Christianity.
Another writer points to what comes next in Ezekiel:
H. H. SnellHe first tells us that the birds and the beasts of the field will eat the flesh and drink the blood of the princes of the earth. Then he adds, "I will set my glory among the nations, … and have mercy on the whole house of Israel … neither will I hide my face from them any more."
- Two suppers. One chapter holds both: the marriage supper of the Lamb, and the supper of the great God — joy above, judgment below.
- Two invitations. Grace called first, and men refused for centuries. Those who would not come to God's table became the food at another.
- Two lists. One list is of guests called blessed. The other is of kings, captains, mighty men, horses and riders, free and slave, small and great.
- One levelling. The roll-call from crown to chain is the humbling end of human pride. The birds are filled, and the slain rise again a thousand years later to face the throne.
- One outcome. In Ezekiel's parallel the slaughter is not the last word. God sets His glory among the nations and shows mercy to Israel.