And the great dragon was cast out, the ancient serpent, he who is called Devil and Satan, he who deceives the whole habitable world, he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him.
The vision stops to say plainly who the dragon is. It puts four names on one being, then reports his expulsion — which raises the question of where he was until then.
The titles are not decoration. Two describe what he is like, and two are personal names for a real being.
The first two titles describe character — cruelty and subtlety. The last two names, Devil and Satan, refer to the dragon as a person. The devil is an actual historical being, and New Testament Greek uses the word only in the singular. Where older translations say "devils," the word should be "demons." As the devil, he is the accuser, the slanderer, and tempter. As Satan, he is the open and declared adversary of Christ, the public enemy of God and of His people.
The word "ancient" points back to the opening pages of the Bible.
In the Genesis account, then, it is just the serpent, the visible agent of the mischief, that is mentioned. So also, in 2 Corinthians 11:3 we read, "the serpent deceived Eve by his cunning." Only in the last book of the Bible do we get the clearest identification of the serpent with the unseen actor working through it. There, twice over in almost the same words, we read, "that ancient serpent, who is called the devil and Satan" (Rev. 12:9; 20:2). He is the originator and instigator of that dreadful thing, sin, which has invaded this fair creation.
The verse describes his trade, not just his nature. Behind every human agent, one mind is at work. (Scott quotes an older translation: "the whole habitable world.")
Next comes Satan's special work, the one his tireless energy drives at. He "deceives the whole habitable world." … The prime mover in all is alone before us. By God's permission Satan deceives everyone caught in the prophetic scene. It does not matter who the people used are, or what the means are. Satan himself is the leader who lures the world on to its moral ruin. … Then, however, Satan keeps in the background; here in the light of Heaven he stands fully exposed.
No one can be thrown out of a place he was never in. Other passages already show him with access above.
No careful reader of Scripture will wonder at finding Satan in heaven. Our knowledge on the subject is limited. Still, we read of "spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly places." We see him as the devil, or slanderer, accusing the brothers. We see him as Satan, the adversary, opposing Joshua, the high priest, and Michael, the archangel. He probably cannot enter "the third heaven" where God dwells. But he clearly has some place in the heavens, and this war drives him out of it.
The repeated verb is the point. What cleanses heaven is the same as what cleanses the earth.
Repeating the verb cast out three times emphasises the shameful expulsion of Satan and his angels from Heaven. Who these angels are is a question shrouded in mystery. All we know is that they make up Satan's fighting host, and are cast out of Heaven with their chief. Satan can then no longer enter God's presence to accuse the saints to Him. His poisonous breath can never again infect the holy atmosphere of the heavenly places. The heavens have to be cleared of evil as well as the earth. The ground on which both are purified and reconciled is the sacrifice of Christ. How complete, therefore, and far-reaching in its results is the blood of Christ!
Each title has its exact counterpart in the Lord Jesus — which turns the verse into a question for the reader.
As the dragon he is the destroyer. As the ancient serpent he is the deceiver. As the devil, he is the accuser. As Satan, he is the adversary — the adversary of God, of all good, and of our souls. … If the devil is the destroyer, our Lord is the DELIVERER. If the devil is the deceiver, our Lord is the TRUTH — the Holy and the True. If the devil is the accuser, our Lord is the INTERCESSOR AND ADVOCATE. If the devil is the adversary, our Lord is THE FRIEND. You must choose, Christians, under whose control you will come.
- Named. One real person carries four titles: dragon for cruelty, serpent for cunning, devil for accusing, Satan for open hostility.
- Ancient. "That ancient serpent" points to the unseen actor who used the serpent against Eve. He is the originator of sin, and the Bible's last book finally names him.
- Exposed. His trade is deceiving the whole world, and he usually works out of sight. In heaven's light the prime mover stands fully exposed.
- Expelled. He still has access above until this war. The triple "cast out" marks a shameful, final removal. Christ's sacrifice is the ground on which heaven is cleansed.
- Answered. Christ meets each name: Deliverer for the destroyer, Truth for the deceiver, Advocate for the accuser, Friend for the adversary. So the verse ends in a choice: whose control will you live under?
And I heard a great voice in the heaven saying, Now is come the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God, and the authority of his Christ; for the accuser of our brethren has been cast out, who accused them before our God day and night
A war in heaven ends with the dragon thrown down, and at once a loud voice announces what his fall makes possible. Two questions follow: who is speaking, and why does heaven say the kingdom has come while the worst hour on earth still lies ahead?
The text never names the speaker, but one word in it narrows the field. Angels do not call believers on earth their family.
The song does not say who sings it. But only saints in heaven could speak of the suffering remnant on earth as "our brothers." So this is not the song of angels. It is the song of glorified saints, represented by the elders. Driving Satan out of heaven was a necessary first step to "the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God and the authority of His Christ." It was so necessary that, once it is done, the song already says these have come. Every obstacle in heaven is now removed, though there are still enemies to overcome on earth.
The word "salvation" has a particular sense here, and the verse itself supplies it. The reason given for the shout is the fall of the accuser.
The salvation spoken of here does not seem to be the salvation of the body, as some think. The verse explains it as the rescue of people who are called "our brothers" from the accusation of Satan. So the voice seems to be that of the glorified saints. The "brothers" they speak of are the saints on earth. In the past those saints overcame these accusations by their own faithfulness, and now the accusations are ended forever.
The announcement runs ahead of the events on earth. Heaven treats the outcome as settled while trouble still lies ahead for the saints below.
Clearly the passage speaks of people in heaven at this time who feel deeply for their suffering brothers on earth. That is the undeniable fact. Who are they but those who are one with Christ, the mighty male child of this chapter? Because Satan has fallen, they look ahead to the full setting up of the kingdom, though three and a half times have yet to pass in fact.
Since the shout runs ahead of events, it cannot be tied to any turning point in the church's past.
Has there ever been a time in the church's past history when God stepped in so strikingly that it would match this? Is it really true that, when Constantine adopted Christianity, salvation came? Surely not.
The verse describes a job Satan has held. He comes before God and lays charges, "day and night." But someone else is just as constant.
God bears with the rebellion of the world. He also bears with another rebellion: the boldness of Satan, who dares to push his way even into God's own presence and bring accusations against His people before Him. But do not forget: if there is one who loves to accuse, there is another to intercede — the Advocate, who never sleeps. There may be the devil against the saints, but there is Christ for them, who always lives to make intercession.
The accuser is dangerous not because he lies. Much of what he reports about believers is true, so the answer must come from someone else.
There is in heaven an accuser of us also, who says things about us that are true. He knows our lives, and he reports our faults and failures in heaven. Another is there too, One not seen in this vision. "If anyone does sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous" (1 John 2:1). So we need not fear what the accuser may say, true though the charges may be, because there is One there to plead His death.
Being thrown down is not a demotion he can appeal. The role this verse describes ends for good.
Satan is completely beaten and overthrown in the very place and seat of his power. Never again will the court of Heaven listen to his accusations, just or unjust.
- Accused — day and night Satan brings charges against God's people before God, and the charges are often true.
- Answered — the Advocate never sleeps. He stands against the accuser and pleads His own death, so we need not fear the charges.
- Ended — once heaven throws him out, that role is gone for good. Heaven will never hear his charges again.
- Announced — the moment that post falls empty, heaven shouts that salvation, power and kingdom have come. On earth, three and a half times have yet to pass.
- Ours — the voice says "our brothers." That one word shows saints in heaven are speaking, still feeling deeply for believers suffering below.
and *they* have overcome him by reason of the blood of the Lamb, and by reason of the word of their testimony, and have not loved their life even unto death.
Commentary for this verse has not been generated yet.
Therefore be full of delight, ye heavens, and ye that dwell in them. Woe to the earth and to the sea, because the devil has come down to you, having great rage, knowing he has a short time.
Revelation 12 shows a war in heaven that ends with Satan thrown out for good. Verse 12 gives the two opposite reactions to that one event — heaven must celebrate, and earth must brace itself.
The word "therefore" points back to what has just happened. One writer notes the unusual plural "heavens" here, and points out who else shares in the call:
"Therefore be full of delight, you heavens" — that is, for this reason: Satan and his angels have been thrown out of heaven for ever. Rejoice, let gladness reign throughout the whole of the heavenly spheres. This is the only place in Revelation where the word "heavens" appears. Everywhere else the book uses the singular. But the heavens are not the only ones to share in the joy that follows Michael's victory. It adds, "and you that dwell (or tabernacle) in them." The whole company of the redeemed, and the angels too, share in the call to rejoice — for the heavens are their native region.
The King James Bible adds words here: "the inhabiters of the earth and of the sea." The same writer rejects that addition and explains the two symbols:
"Woe to the earth and to the sea." The Authorised Version wrongly adds "the inhabiters of the earth." The addition does not belong. This is not an outburst of anger. It is a prophetic announcement of coming judgment on the earth — that is, on all settled and stable governments and peoples. It announces judgment on the sea too — that is, the restless and revolutionary part of the world.
Commentators differ on what earth and sea stand for. Another writer reads them as two groups of people:
In verse 12 those in heaven rejoice that Satan is banished from there. But woe is pronounced on the inhabitants of the land (Israel) and the sea (the nations). The devil's bitter hatred will rise to a frenzy of action, because he knows his time is short. Satan wants to do all the harm he can, but God allows it in perfect wisdom, using the evil to teach people what comes of choosing Satan's authority instead of God's. Behind it all stands God's stern wrath against the piled-up wickedness of both Jews and Gentiles — a wrath that is calm, deliberate, and completely righteous.
Verse 10 has just called Satan "the accuser of our brothers." Losing that job explains the storm that follows:
This woe connects Satan's removal from his heavenly seat with the crisis of Jews and Gentiles at the end of the present age. Here we find the hidden reason. Why should there be such an extraordinary storm of persecution then? Why is Satan so active here below for that short time, the three and a half years before the close? Here it is explained. Satan can no longer accuse above, so he does his worst below, while he can.
Satan's rage runs hotter than the anger of the nations, and a running clock feeds it. His fall from heaven is only the first of three steps in his judgment:
The "great rage," or wrath, of Satan exceeds that of the nations (Rev. 11:18), because he is the prime mover and the invisible leader. His rage at being banished from his heavenly place for ever grows sharper, because he knows he has only a short career left on earth… God allows Satan, once cast down, to rage against and persecute His saints on earth for 1260 literal days… At the close of that time the Lord appears, and Satan is shut in the abyss for a thousand years. This is the second stage in the judgment of the devil. The first was his casting down from the heavens. Only the third remains — cast into the lake of fire at the close of the kingdom reign, his eternal doom.
The verse holds joy and disaster together, and that split runs through the whole book:
Here we find that all the heavenly people are called to rejoice that the accuser of the brothers is cast down, and that they have overcome him. The heavenly people are the church of God, because our citizenship is in heaven and we are one with Christ there. At the very moment when these heavenly saints have overcome, Satan comes down to earth with great wrath, knowing that he has only a short time. So we get full rejoicing in what is heavenly, and at the same time the most desperate woe in what is earthly. This makes the contrast clear and definite between these heavenly ones and the dwellers on earth. All through Revelation they stand against those who are heirs of heaven.
- Cast out. The "therefore" rests on one fact — Satan is thrown out of heaven for good. That is stage one of three; the last is the lake of fire.
- Heaven laughs. The redeemed and the angels who dwell there share one call — be full of delight. The accuser can never return.
- Earth groans. The same event that empties heaven of the enemy fills the settled world and the restless masses with woe.
- Rage explained. Barred from accusing above, he does his worst below. That is the hidden reason for the storm of persecution in the last three and a half years.
- Short time. A clock he cannot stop measures his fury. The thing that makes him violent proves he has already lost.
And when the dragon saw that he had been cast out into the earth, he persecuted the woman which bore the male [child].
Revelation 12 has just shown a war in heaven. It ends with Satan thrown down, and verse 13 tells us what he does with the little time he has left. He goes after the woman. Who is she? Why does his fury land on her? And what does God do about it?
The story of the woman's flight had already begun earlier in the chapter. So why does the account come back to it here?
He concentrates his whole strength against God's people, represented by the woman. This persecution is not a different one from the persecution named earlier. The account broke off to tell of the war in heaven, and to show how intense the dragon's present rage is. Now it picks up the story again: his persecution, the woman's flight, and her stay in the wilderness.
The one the dragon chases is the one who gave birth. That detail settles her identity for these writers.
In verse 1 we saw the woman in heaven with the sun for a crown. That is how she stands according to God's thought and counsels: a vessel without strength, but clothed with supreme authority. Now, instead, we find her on the earth. Christ came from the woman, the Jews. The church is in no way the mother of Christ; she is His bride. When Satan is cast out of heaven, he begins to make war with the seed of the woman — the Jews. They are the only testimony of God left on earth at that time.
Another writer notes where the church stands in the vision at this moment.
Notice this. When the dragon is cast to the earth, he cannot persecute the Church. She is rejoicing in heaven. So he brings his whole power to persecute the woman who brought forth the man child. That is the regathered Jews.
The dragon cannot reach his real target. So he strikes at what belongs to Christ.
The dragon persecutes the woman who gave birth to the male child. That child is Jesus, "God over all, blessed forever." He is the Root and Offspring of David, David's Lord and David's Son, the Alpha and Omega. He will be the Conqueror over Satan. He knows it. In his dark malevolence he pursues with relentless fury everything that is Christ's. Israel gave birth to Christ, according to the flesh. Israel is now the object of God's interests and dealings. So Israel must be persecuted.
The verse gives a reason for the attack: the dragon saw that he had been thrown down. Losing his old position is what makes him so dangerous now.
Why should there be then such an unusual storm of persecution? Why such tremendous doings of Satan here below for a short time, the three and a half years before the close? Here it is explained. Satan can no longer accuse above; so while he can, he does his worst below. He is cast down to earth, never to regain the heavens: a fact of deep meaning and heavy consequence.
The same event that unleashes the persecution also fences it in. The dragon is now limited to one sphere.
How great is the mercy that provides for God's people during those three and a half years of unequalled tribulation still to come! Satan's rage is at its greatest, and he is arming the world-power against God's people. Yet he never invades the sanctuary of the soul. Is that not worthy of God? The fiery darts of the wicked one stop. He is no longer "prince of the power of the air." He is restricted to the earth alone, where he works through the passions of men, which he can inflame against God's people.
She is not armed. She is carried out of range.
So God gives her power to escape, rapid means of flight from Satan's persecution. It is not power to withstand Satan and fight the battle out with him, but ample means to hide from his violence. The two wings of the great eagle convey this. They picture vigorous means of escape — the most energetic image of flight in nature, applied to the case in hand.
- Cast down — He attacks the moment he sees he has lost heaven. This is a defeated enemy's reaction, not a rising power's advance.
- Cut off — He can no longer accuse above, so he does his worst below. That is why this short period brings such an unusual storm of persecution.
- Aimed at Christ — He cannot reach the male child, so he pursues everything that belongs to Him. Israel gave birth to Christ, so Israel is his target.
- Fenced in — Being thrown out also limits him. He can inflame men against God's people, but he cannot reach the sanctuary of the soul.
- Carried away — God's answer is not strength to fight him but wings to flee him. The woman escapes, and the dragon's short time runs out.
And there were given to the woman the two wings of the great eagle, that she might fly into the desert into her place, where she is nourished there a time, and times, and half a time, from [the] face of the serpent.
Revelation 12 has just shown Satan thrown out of heaven, and now his fury falls on the woman who bore the male Child. Verse 14 is God's answer: wings, a wilderness, and a fixed span of time. So who is the woman? What do the eagle's wings mean? And how long must she hide?
The woman stands for the nation of Israel, seen as God sees her. But the picture is narrower than the whole nation.
The woman is the nation as in the sight of God; not all Israel, nor even all the saints in Israel, but those whom God has appointed to continue, and who therefore stand for the nation before Him. Judgment cuts off the mass who have turned away from God. The martyred saints go up to heaven. Still God preserves a people to be the core of the nation in the coming kingdom. This is the very thing Satan most wants to destroy. God's hand keeps them safe, though in the middle of trial — which is what the word "wilderness" naturally suggests. God designs that trial to purify them.
The wording echoes the escape from Egypt, when God carried His people out from a king a prophet called a dragon.
The words plainly recall the deliverance from Egypt. The prophet calls Pharaoh king of Egypt "the great dragon that lies in the midst of his rivers" (Ezek. 29:3), and Pharaoh himself sums up all the hatred of the world-power. Meanwhile God says to the Israel He had delivered, at Sinai, "You have seen what I did to the Egyptians, and how I bore you on eagles' wings and brought you to Myself" (Ex. 19:4). The reference here is clearly to this. It is not "a" great eagle, in a general sense, as older English versions put it, but "the" great eagle — perhaps the griffon, a bird whose flight nothing can match for power and skill. These words point to divine power. In the deliverance out of Egypt God jealously shut out every other power.
The gift is speed, not strength. God does not arm the woman to face the dragon; He moves her out of his reach.
So God gives power to escape, a fast way of flight from Satan's persecution. It is not power to stand against Satan and fight the battle out with him. It is the means to get away from his violence. This seems to be what the two wings of the great eagle mean: a picture of strong means of escape. Nature's most powerful image of flight is applied here to her case.
Jesus had already spoken of this flight.
The strong man of God, Christ, does not yet exercise His power. The woman has nothing else to do but to flee for three years and a half, during which time Satan exercises his power on earth with great fury. The only resource of the woman is to flee. Jesus foretold this in Matthew 24:16.
The wilderness is not abandonment. God chose the place ahead of time, and He feeds her there.
But God cares for Israel, even as He had cared for the "Man-child"; and in His providence He watches over, protects, provides for, and sustains her. Like the prophet Elijah long ago, she is hidden from sight in a place God prepared for her in the desert. And she is fed by the same kind of miracle for the whole time that Satan's rule goes unchecked.
The measure comes from Daniel. It matches every other time figure in these chapters.
In verse 6 her time alone in the wilderness is counted in days: 1260. Here it is put in vaguer terms as "a time (one year), and times (two years), and half a time" (six months) — three and a half years in all. This way of counting comes from Daniel 7:25. We have months (Rev. 11:2; 13:5), days (Rev. 11:3; 12:6), and times (v. 14). All these periods, worded differently, mean the same stretch of time: the last half week of sorrow that the prophet Daniel places in the middle of the week (Dan. 9:27).
Why does one verse count days and another count times? One suggestion is that the shift matches whose activity is in view.
In an earlier verse the time seems stretched out as long as possible. God's care for her was the main point there, as I understand it. She had a place God prepared for her. When His care and preparation are in view, He lengthens out the time as much as possible. But where the devil's power is the point, He shortens it. It appears to be the same period, only put in a different way.
- Target. The woman is Israel as God sees her — the core God preserves to become the nation of the coming kingdom. That is why Satan wants her destroyed.
- Rescue. The eagle's wings are divine power. They recall Egypt, where God carried His people out and let no other power share the work.
- Method. God gives her speed, not weapons. Her one resource is flight, just as Jesus foretold.
- Refuge. The wilderness is a place God prepared. He hides her and feeds her there, as He did Elijah — and the trial itself purifies her.
- Limit. That span is fixed — three and a half years, the same period counted elsewhere in days and in months. The wrath has an end date.
And the serpent cast out of his mouth behind the woman water as a river, that he might make her be [as] one carried away by a river.
Satan has been thrown out of heaven. His fury now falls on the woman who bore the male child. But she has escaped into the wilderness, out of his direct reach. So he changes his method. He pours a river out of his own mouth to carry her away. What does that water stand for?
The flood is aimed at a specific target. One writer explains who the woman is, and why Satan's anger has landed on her.
The Child was caught away, but the woman was left behind. Left there, she too is exposed to Satan's hatred... Remember that the woman is Israel — Israel as seen in the purposes of God. Satan's rage against Christ was disappointed, so he turns all the more fiercely against God's beloved people.
The same enemy is called the dragon just before this, and the serpent here. One writer explains the new name, and why the serpent had to change tactics.
The dragon here takes the name of serpent, because he takes the form of subtlety, deceit, and malice — "that old serpent, which is the devil and Satan."... The serpent could not overcome the woman in war, for God preserved her, not by a mighty man, but by flight. There his direct power was stopped, because heavenly power came to her aid. Still he uses the resources he has, and pours out these waters, driven by his energy, as a flood.
The prophets already used this picture of a flood. One writer points to the Assyrian invasion of Judea as the key to reading it.
The flood which the dragon casts out of his mouth is a mass of people; Isaiah 8:7-8. When the king of Assyria and all his glory come to lay Judea waste, they are pictured as a flood, as waters strong and many. The earth swallows the flood which the dragon casts out after the woman. God, in His providence, prevents these nations from devouring and destroying Israel.
A river in the desert can vanish into the sand. One writer starts there, then asks what it means that this river comes out of the serpent's mouth.
Many a river is swallowed up in the sand, and so is this one that is now poured out of the dragon's mouth. If an army is what is pictured, the wilderness can absorb a nation's strength just as well. The river coming out of his mouth seems to show that it is by the power of his persuasion that men are stirred up to this flood of hatred against the people of God. That hatred is so completely defeated that the beaten adversary gives up any further effort in this direction. Those he was chasing are left completely unattacked after this.
Commentators differ on how precise the flood is. Some keep it general: nations stirred into turmoil. One writer ties it to a named invasion, and reads the land itself as taking the blow.
The flood from the serpent's mouth (v. 15) is clearly the whirlwind attack of the King of the North. He will come as an overflowing flood (Daniel 11:40-41), also called "the overflowing scourge" (Isaiah 28:15-18). The land opens her mouth and swallows the flood. This shows that the land of Israel will take the brunt of the attack, and so the godly remnant whom God will preserve is spared.
The flood never reaches her. God uses ordinary means — the settled, governed parts of the world — to soak up what was meant to drown His people.
The serpent, so called because of his cunning hatred, now tries a new device... This shows some providential means God uses to deliver His earthly people and His purpose from the instruments of the enemy, who are then thrown into great turmoil. Those instruments are the waters flowing out as a river from the dragon's mouth — people under the immediate influence of the devil. The earth helping the woman plainly means the more settled parts of the world, used by God's providence to resist Satan's efforts to overwhelm the Jews... God can create a diversion where He sees fit, and so bring to nothing what is designed to overwhelm His people.
- Target. The woman is Israel in God's purposes. With the Child beyond his reach, Satan turns his disappointed rage on the people He came from.
- Tactic. He is called the serpent here for subtlety, deceit and malice. War against her failed, so cunning takes over.
- Torrent. Water as a flood pictures a mass of people; the prophets used the same image of the Assyrian sweeping through Judea. Commentators differ: nations stirred up in general, or the invader from the north?
- Tongue. The river comes out of his mouth — men are moved to this hatred by his persuasion, not by his hand.
- Thwarted. The earth swallows the river. God uses the settled parts of the world to bring to nothing what was designed to overwhelm His people. The defeat is so complete that the adversary gives up this line of attack.