And Jesus entered into the temple [of God], and cast out all that sold and bought in the temple, and overthrew the tables of the money-changers and the seats of those that sold the doves.
Jesus has just ridden into Jerusalem as her King, to the shouts of the crowds. His first act is not at the palace but in the temple courts, where He clears out a market.
The order matters. The King the crowds have just hailed heads for the heart of the nation's religion.
The first errand of the King in His city is the temple… This is the second time that the Lord acted in cleansing the temple. The first is recorded in the Gospel of John 2:13, 17, and it took place at the beginning of His ministry. There it is zeal for God's house, but here He acts in all His kingly authority. The defilement of God's temple in those days must have been great and terrible. The most terrible fact was that the priests, and especially the high priest's family, grew rich from it.
Israel's best kings had cleaned up the nation's worship before Him.
This had been one of the functions that belonged properly to royal authority alone. We find the best kings of Judah reforming the religion of the people in their day. Hezekiah and Josiah are examples. Here the Lord takes up the same action by that same royal authority.
The Greek word used here does not mean the inner sanctuary. It covers the whole complex, including the outer courts where the market stood.
There are two words for Temple in the Greek New Testament. Hieron covers the whole of the Temple area. It takes in the Court of the Gentiles, the Court of the Jews, the place where they bought and sold the animals for sacrifice, the place where the money-changers had their seat (Matt. 21:12)… The other word, naos, has a narrow meaning. It is the inner sanctuary, the Holy Place where the priests ministered, the Holiest of all, which the High Priest alone entered on the great Day of Atonement.
The money-changers met a real need — and, it seems, profited unfairly from it.
These were people who served those coming to Jerusalem from far away to pay the regular temple tax. They gave them a half-shekel in exchange for whatever money they had. When He drove them out of the temple, the Lord's words seem to imply that they took unfair advantage in the exchanges.
One man overturns the tables of an established trade, and the traders leave.
They knew Him only as the prophet of Nazareth. It was astonishing that He should enter their temple so boldly and drive out everyone who was defiling it. But they do not turn on Him. The power of the God of the temple was there, and they flee. Their consciences no doubt echoed the Lord's words, that they had made His house a den of thieves.
Commentators note two cleansings. The difference shows in what Jesus calls the building.
The Lord cleansed the Temple twice. Only John records the first. Only Matthew, Mark and Luke record the second. On the first occasion He acted as in the Father's house; on the second, as in His own. "My Father's house" He called it in John. "My house" He called it in Matthew… When challenged the first time He at once gave the Jews a sign. When challenged the last time He refused.
Matthew sets this act beside the withering of the fig tree.
Next follows the cursing of the fig-tree (12-26), woven together with the purging of the temple. The two are indeed one — two sides of the same act. He must cleanse His house, and to do this, a religion that bears no fruit must wither.
Within days His words about the building change.
He calls it "my house" there, only to show how completely man had failed in the responsibility God gave him in divine things. What God designed as a place of prayer, man had made a den of thieves… Two days later He said, "See, your house is left to you desolate." Now it is not "my house," but "your house."
The trade grew out of something the law itself allowed. That makes it worse, not lighter.
The trading and money-changing in the temple had no doubt grown out of a kind provision of the law, recorded in Deuteronomy 14:24-26. Godless men had taken advantage of this provision to turn the temple precincts into a den of thieves. God intended His temple to be the house where men drew near to Him with their requests. Its guardians had turned it into a place where men were swindled, and so the name of God was maligned. To defile or corrupt the temple of God is a sin of tremendous gravity. 1 Corinthians 3:17 shows this, in its application to God's present temple.
- King — The crowds hail Him as King, and His first act is to cleanse the temple. Israel's best kings did the same by royal authority.
- House — In John He clears His Father's house. Here He clears His own. Two days later He calls it "your house," left desolate.
- Court — The word for temple here covers the whole area. That includes the outer courts, where traders sold animals and, it seems, changed money unfairly.
- Authority — No one resists Him. Their consciences knew the God of the temple was standing in it.
- Warning — The fig tree withers beside the cleansing. Religion without fruit must wither, and corrupting God's house is a grave sin.
And he says to them, It is written, My house shall be called a house of prayer, but *ye* have made it a den of robbers.
Jesus walks into the temple courts and clears out the traders. Then He defends what He did with one line of Scripture. That line raises the question of the whole scene: whose house is this, and what have its keepers made of it?
The Lord cleared the temple twice. One writer sets the two accounts side by side:
We have said that the Lord cleansed the temple twice. John here, and he alone, tells us of the first. Matthew 21:12-13; Mark 11:15-17; Luke 19:45-46 agree in telling us, and they only, of the second. On the first occasion He acted as in the Father's house; on the second, as in His own. "My Father's house" He called it in John. "My house" He calls it in Matthew. Further, when challenged on the first occasion, He at once gave the Jews a sign. When challenged the last time, He refused to grant their request. The first time, His presence as God's messenger was new to the city, so He gave them a sign. The second time, they already had proof after proof of His divine mission.
One writer pictures the scene and names the one thing He uses:
No whip of cords is in His hands; the King does not need it. The tables go over in wild confusion. The coins roll across the pavement, and out go the animals and birds brought for sacrifice... And what He uses is His own Word. "It is written, My house shall be called a house of prayer; but you make it a den of robbers." It was His house, as well as His Father's... The words "My house shall be called a house of prayer" are found in Isaiah 56:7. "For all peoples," which is in Isaiah, the Lord does not quote. That temple was not meant to be a house "for all peoples"; the temple in Isaiah 56:7 is the millennial temple.
God did not name His house after sacrifice. One writer hangs the whole charge on that:
God's house was a house of prayer; that was its moral character, not of sacrifice. God did not name His house after sacrifice, though sacrifice was carried on there. He named it in grace, for those who had need. Where His presence and His ear were, there was a house of prayer. There every need was told to God, and He was the Keeper of all grief and all need. And they had made it a den of thieves. Note it is the sin against the gracious character of God that the Lord notes as the sin against the temple of God. His charge is very general: "you make it." All evil that is allowed and gone along with is shared guilt on everyone, for the heart permits it and agrees with it.
A reference work traces the word for "robbers" through its other uses:
The Greek word (lēstēs) means 'robber, bandit.' The Lord uses it of those who bought and sold in the temple... When the Lord was arrested He asked if they had come out as against a robber. The two criminals crucified with the Lord were also men of this character.
Another writer traces where the trade came from:
The trading and money-changing in the temple had no doubt grown out of the kind arrangements of the law, which Deuteronomy 14:24-26 records. Ungodly men had taken advantage of this provision to turn the temple precincts into a den of thieves. God intended His temple to be the house where men drew near to Him with their requests. Its custodians had turned it into a place where men were swindled, and so the name of God was maligned. To defile or corrupt the temple of God is a sin of tremendous gravity. 1 Corinthians 3:17 shows this, in its application to God's present temple.
He still says My house here. Two days later the pronoun changes, and one writer marks the moment:
Quoting an Old Testament scripture (Isaiah 56:7), He calls it "My house" there. He does so only to show how completely man had failed in his responsibility about divine things. What God designed as a place of prayer, man had made a den of thieves... Two days afterwards He said, "See, your house is left to you desolate" — not "My house" now, but "your house." As for the house where God was supposed to be, He has to say, It is "desolate" — He is not there.
- His house. In John's account He cleansed it as His Father's house; here He calls it My house and acts as the One who owns it.
- His word. No whip this time. The King clears the courts with His own Word.
- His character. "House of prayer" means God hears need. Making it a market sinned against His grace, not just against a building.
- His verdict. "You make it" is a charge laid on all — evil tolerated becomes shared guilt.
- His departure. Days later "My house" becomes "your house... desolate." The pronoun tells you He has left.
And blind and lame came to him in the temple, and he healed them.
Jesus has just overturned the tables of the money-changers. The chief priests are about to protest. Between the two comes one quiet act of mercy inside the temple. Why does Matthew place healing right after judgment? And why these two groups of people?
The cleansing and the healing belong together. One drives people out; the other draws people in. Both show who the King is.
But now the blind and the lame come to Him to be healed. "He healed their diseases and forgave their iniquities." David's soul hated both of these groups, because of the taunt thrown at him (2 Sam. 5:6-8). What a blessed contrast in the Son of David! He drives the selfish religious men out of the temple, and there He welcomes the poor, the blind and the lame, and heals them — perfect righteousness and perfect grace.
The blind and the lame were not a random pair. The law and Israel's first king had both shut such people out of the house. Jesus does the opposite.
Having driven out these evil men, Jesus showed mercy to the very people they would have kept outside. Leviticus 21:18 forbade the blind and the lame to come near. And 2 Samuel 5:6-8 records David's ruling against them: he said they "shall not come into the house." The great Son of David had now arrived in Zion, and He reverses what David did. The sort of people who were "hated of David's soul" were loved and blessed that day.
The cleansing had this in view. He did not clear the house to shut people out. He cleared it to make room for them.
His wrath and indignation show themselves in the zeal for God's house that consumed Him (Ps. 69:9). But He purifies His house, not to keep the blind and the lame out, as David did, but to bring them in by healing them.
Notice what happens to the space the traders left behind. It does not stay empty, and the sellers never come back.
The temple is cleansed. The noise and confusion is over. We hear nothing of these evil occupants coming back. Instead, the blind and the lame came to Him in the temple, and He healed them. A crowd of poor, stricken, suffering people filled the empty space, and He freed them from their pains and diseases.
Healing was more than kindness. The prophets had said in advance what Messiah would do, so each cure was evidence of who He was.
There, too, in the temple, He heals the lame and the blind. In this way He gave further proof that He was displaying, in His own person, the qualities the prophet had pointed to as belonging to Messiah, and to Messiah in His kingdom (Isa. 35:5-6). Nothing was lacking now. The decisive moment had come, and the question was now being put to the test: "would they reverence the Son?"
What He did that day for a few people points to what He will do for a whole kingdom.
He has already come. He walked in His temple as Zion's true but unrecognized King, and "the blind and the lame came to Him, and He healed them" (Matt. 21:14). And when His kingdom is set up in Zion, "the eyes of the blind shall be opened, and the ears of the deaf unstopped; then shall the lame man leap like a deer, and the tongue of the mute sing for joy" (Isa. 35:5-6).
Yet the chapter does not end with a coronation. The healings prove His right; the nation still refuses Him.
And there, in the now empty place, "the blind and the lame came to Him in the temple, and He healed them." They were the typical pair that stood for all who needed the touch of the true King. So both God and man own Him — though man, sadly, is still unchanged and hostile. There are no "willing people", so for them it cannot be the "day of His power." He may prove His title, but cannot take His throne.
Matthew alone records this healing, and he compresses events that took place over more than one day.
Matthew, as he often does, does not separate the stages of what happened. From his account you could not tell that the Lord only looked round at everything on the first day of His visit. It was not until the next day that He drove out those who were defiling the Temple with their buying and selling. And Matthew alone describes how the blind and the lame came to Him there to be healed (Matt. 21:14).
- Cleared — The cleansing was not the goal in itself. He purified the house not to keep the blind and the lame out, but to bring them in.
- Filled — The traders were driven out and never came back. A crowd of "poor, stricken, suffering people" took the empty space.
- Reversed — Those "hated of David's soul", shut out by Leviticus 21:18, are the very people the greater Son of David loves and blesses.
- Proved — Each healing matched what the prophets said Messiah would do. It proved His title beyond dispute.
- Postponed — He proves His right to the throne, yet there are no "willing people". The full healing promised in Isaiah 35 waits for His kingdom.
And when the chief priests and the scribes saw the wonders which he wrought, and the children crying in the temple and saying, Hosanna to the Son of David, they were indignant,
Two things are happening in the temple at once: Jesus is healing people, and children are shouting a royal title at Him. The men in charge of the building see both, and their reaction is anger rather than wonder.
The "wonderful things" were healings, and they came right after Jesus threw the traders out.
Having driven out these evil men, Jesus gave mercy to the very people they would have kept outside. Leviticus 21:18 forbade the blind and the lame to come near. And 2 Samuel 5:6-8 records David's sentence on them: he said they "shall not come into the house." The great Son of David had now arrived in Zion, and He reverses David's action. The very people who were "hated by David's soul" were loved and blessed that day. The money-changers had misrepresented the God whose house it was, and caused men to blaspheme His name. In healing the needy, Jesus rightly represented the very heart of God, and the result was praise. Even the children were found crying, "Hosanna to the Son of David!" They had caught up the cry from the older people.
Both halves of the day belong together — the whip and the healing hands.
He turns out the selfish religionists from the temple, and receives there the poor, blind, and lame, and heals them — perfect righteousness and perfect grace.
"Hosanna" is not a general cheer. It is a plea, and the children were not the first to use it that day.
His works of grace are so striking that they move even the children in the temple — not only those on the road into the city — to cry out, "Hosanna to the Son of David." The word hosanna means "O, save." So they give Him honour as the One able to save the nation Israel. This offends the chief priests and scribes, but nothing except envy drives their protest to Him.
Commentators trace the words to Psalm 118, the psalm of a rejected stone becoming the cornerstone.
Hosanna means, Save now, or Save, I pray. Other verses of this psalm are frequently cited.
The children are in very small company. Only a handful of people ever greet Jesus with that royal title.
Son of David! Very few greeted the Lord that way while He was here in His humiliation. The blind men in Galilee (Matt. 9:27), Bartimaeus and his companion at Jericho (Matt. 20:30-31), the Syrophoenician mother (Matt. 15:22), and the children in the temple (Matt. 21:15) are the only examples we are given... Only blind men, who could not see Him, the woman who did not belong to Israel, and children, whom nobody would think of asking about such a thing, greeted Him as the Son of David. Where learned scribes might claim to find a difficulty, these had none.
Their anger was not confusion. They knew what the prophets had said about their King, and they still said no.
On one side are the voices of the children crying, "Hosanna" — praise given to Him as King, the Son of David. On the other side is the Lord acting as King, doing what the Jews well knew the prophets had said of their King. He was the confessed King there — but not confessed by the chief priests and scribes. They took offence and rejected Him deliberately, with open eyes: "We do not want this man to reign over us." So of course they try to shut the children's mouths.
Miracles do not melt a settled will.
But no testimony is enough to break through the hard covering of unbelief that wraps the hearts of the leading men of the people, even when they see the miracles. Hearing the children crying "Hosanna!" they become indignant. The Lord teaches here that the time for convincing them is past, and He appeals to the testimony of Psalm 8 on the point.
In the next verse Jesus quotes that psalm with one word changed. (The ESV has "established strength" in Psalm 8:2 and "prepared praise" in Matthew 21:16.)
The Psalm says, "ordained strength," while He applied it by saying, "perfected praise." But either way the thought is the same: God accomplishes what He desires, and receives the praise He looks for, through small and weak things. So it is made clear that the strength and the praise are of and from Himself.
That day was a preview of a larger one.
The leaders of Israel had put themselves in the place of God's enemies. But God brought praise for His Son from the most unexpected source of all — the despised children of Jerusalem. In the coming day God's praise will come from the despised remnant of His people, and the coming of the great King will silence the enemy within and the enemy outside.
- Grace first. Jesus cleared the temple, then healed the blind and lame there. David had shut them out; the Son of David let them in.
- Grace produced praise. The children's "Hosanna" — "O, save" — was the response to works of mercy they had just watched.
- Grace exposed envy. The leaders saw the same works and heard the same cry, and were indignant; the problem was will, not evidence.
- Grace chose the weak. When the qualified men withheld praise, God took it for His Son from children. The strength and the praise are His own.
- Grace will finish. Those small voices are a preview. When the King returns, His people will praise Him and every enemy will fall silent.
and said to him, Hearest thou what these say? And Jesus says to them, Yea; have ye never read, Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings thou hast perfected praise?
Jesus has ridden into Jerusalem, cleared the temple, and healed the blind and the lame there. Now children are shouting "Hosanna to the Son of David," the leaders want them stopped, and Jesus answers with one line from Psalm 8.
Jesus does not quote Psalm 8 word for word. The psalm says God has "established strength"; here He says God has "prepared praise." Older translations read these as "ordained strength" and "perfected praise," and the writers below use that older wording. Commentators say this is not a mistake but an application.
Jesus defended the children in their simplicity, quoting the verse from Psalm 8 as fulfilled in them. The Psalm says "ordained strength," while He applied it by saying "perfected praise." Either way, the thought is that God does what He wants, and receives the praise He looks for, through small and weak things. So it is clear that the strength and the praise are His own and come from Him.
The greatness of God is not matched by the greatness of the mouth that reports it.
The heavens above speak of His greatness without a sound. Yet it is out of the mouths of infants and nursing babies that He has ordained strength and perfected praise. Weakness is what can celebrate the strength of God, and His strength is called into action only for weakness.
The rebuke lands on men whose whole profession was the study of Scripture. They asked Jesus to silence the children; He answered by asking whether they had read their own Bible.
"Yes; have you never read," was a rebuke to the chief priests and scribes. Of all the people they should have known what David wrote. Empty religion often neglects the sources of its faith but Jesus appreciated what the children said. This stood in sharp contrast to the leaders, who were silent except to object. Children's appreciation of Jesus, the Son of David, should never be despised.
Missing this verse said something about the men themselves, and it raises a question for every reader.
They looked to Him to rebuke the children, and instead the rebuke fell on them. No, they had never read that "out of the mouth of infants and nursing babies He perfected praise." How much of our own Bibles may we never have read, even though our eyes have often rested on words we have never really seen! If they had been little ones in spirit, would they not have seen this?
He could have silenced the children. Instead He lets their cry stand, and backs it with a psalm about praise given to God.
He was there as the acknowledged King — but not acknowledged by the chief priests and scribes. They were offended, and rejected Him on purpose and with full knowledge... So they try to silence the children and ask Jesus to rebuke them. But the Lord approves their praises... The power of the LORD was there, and there was a mouth to own it, even if only the mouth of infants and nursing babies. So "He left them" — a serious and solemn act. They rejected Him, and He abandons them, turning His back on the beloved city.
His glory would be praised one way or another. The only question was who would do it.
He must be glorified. Even though He gave Himself up, His glory still had to be upheld. If the simplicity of children did not carry it out, then, as we read elsewhere, the stones would cry out.
Psalm 8:2 says that praise from infants is raised "because of your foes, to still the enemy and the avenger." By quoting it, Jesus gives the rulers a place in that verse.
The Lord rebuked them with a passage from Psalm 8, and nothing could have suited the moment better. It rebuked the Jews by giving them, for now, the place of the enemy and the avenger. It also presented Him, the rejected Messiah, before them in His full and proper glory.
Psalm 8 goes on to speak of a man with everything under his feet. Commentators see the children's hosanna as an early sample of that day.
Hebrews chapter 2 settles the meaning of that Psalm. It is Jesus, the Son of Man, who is seen there ruling over the earth. When at last He has all things under His feet, perfect praise will silence the enemy. The praise of the children foreshadows the praise He will receive when He comes again.
- Source — God is the one who prepares praise; the strength and the praise come from Him, not from the size of the voice.
- Vessel — He chooses the small and the weak, so the praise traces back to Him and not to the voice that gives it.
- Rebuke — Men who lived in the Scriptures had never seen this verse. Only the little in spirit see what is there.
- Refusal — He takes a psalm about praise given to God as fitting for Himself, then leaves the city that refused Him.
- Preview — The children's hosannas are a first sample of the praise the Son of Man receives when everything lies under His feet.