For thus saith Jehovah concerning Shallum the son of Josiah, the king of Judah, who reigned instead of Josiah his father, who went forth out of this place He shall not return thither any more;
Jeremiah names the king the people should weep for. Shallum was a son of Josiah. He held the throne for only a few months, and then a foreign ruler took him out of the land. The verse asks us to weigh two griefs against each other — the death of a good father, and the living exile of his son.
The king in this verse also goes by another name, which is why he is easy to miss.
Son and successor of Josiah king of Judah: he reigned only three months, B.C. 610. He did what was evil in the sight of the Lord, and was deposed by Pharaoh-Necho, who sent him in chains to Egypt, where he died. 2 Kings 23:30-34; 2 Chronicles 36:1-4. He is called SHALLUM in 1 Chronicles 3:15; Jeremiah 22:11. In the parable of the lion's cubs in Ezekiel 19:1-9, this king is the one carried in chains to Egypt.
Jeremiah swaps the king's name for a different one. The new name tells you what is coming.
Jeremiah spoke of Jehoahaz and Jehoiachin under changed names. Why was this? Jehoahaz meant "The Lord shall hold"; but he calls him Shallum (Jer. 22:11), meaning "Recompensed"; judgment was to fall upon him.
The verse says he reigned in his father's place. But the crowd, not God, put him there, and Christ's family line leaves his name out.
The normal line of succession to Judah's throne ended with Josiah, the king the nation mourned. Jehoahaz was not the eldest son of the late king. Johanan and Jehoiakim were both older than he (1 Chron. 3:15). The people made him king. It was the crowd's choice, not God's appointment… In Jeremiah 22:11 he has a telling name, Shallum, which means "the one who is paid back". The royal family list of Judah records him under that name (1 Chron. 3:15). His name is left out of the list of our Lord's ancestors in Matthew 1.
The nation had wept hard for Josiah. Long after, Jeremiah tells them to save their tears for someone else.
The land had never heard a louder cry of grief than when all Judah and Jerusalem mourned for Josiah… But here, long after, the same Jeremiah says of Josiah's son, "Weep not for the dead, neither mourn for him; but weep bitterly for him who goes away, for he shall return no more, nor see his native country."… The people had good reason to mourn Josiah, a godly king cut off early. But his son's lot was far worse. Pharaoh-Necho removed him from the throne and carried him away into Egypt.
The words "he shall return here no more" point to more than being sent away.
This suggests that something worse than being sent away was in store for Josiah's worthless successor. A later king of Judah went into an easy captivity a few years afterwards, but Shallum had no such share. Perhaps Necho did to him what he would have liked to do to the man who blocked his march to Carchemish. Shallum's short reign was cruel according to Ezekiel 19:1-4.
Notice where he ends up. Egypt is not just any country in Israel's story.
The people of the land placed his son Jehoahaz on the throne. But the king of Egypt would not let him rule. He carried him off to Egypt, where he died a prisoner. Long ago the Lord had rescued His people Israel out of that same land and power, with a mighty arm and wonderful signs.
Josiah's influence reached the whole nation. It did not reach his own home.
For a time Josiah's godly influence shaped the priests, the Levites and the people. But his own sons do not seem to have been moved by their father's life and deeds… The evil ways of the sons of Aaron, of Eli, of Samuel and of Josiah give a solemn warning to every godly father. He must give special attention to his own house, in case the evils he hates and condemns in others show up in his own family.
- Named — Jeremiah calls him Shallum, "Recompensed", not Jehoahaz, "The Lord shall hold". The name gives the verdict before the story is told.
- Chosen — The crowd put him on the throne, not God. He was not the eldest son, and Matthew 1 leaves his name out of Christ's line.
- Deposed — Three months of evil ended when Pharaoh-Necho removed him. He died in Egypt, the land the Lord once rescued Israel from.
- Mourned — The nation wept for Josiah, who was dead. Jeremiah says the sadder case is the living son who will never see home again.
- Warning — Josiah's godliness did not pass to his sons. Every godly father must watch his own house.
for he shall die in the place whither they have led him captive, and shall see this land no more.
Verse 11 names the king in view: Shallum, the son of Josiah, already carried out of his own land. This verse closes his case — he dies where his captors took him, and he never comes home.
Jeremiah does not call this king by his throne name. He calls him Shallum, and the name itself matches the verdict.
Ezekiel 19:1-4 compares him to "a young lion, and it learned to catch the prey; it devoured men." That is the only hint we get about the character of his sin... Jeremiah 22:11 pointedly calls him Shallum, which means "to whom it is requited," and the royal genealogy of Judah records him under that name (1 Chronicles 3:15). Matthew 1 leaves his name out of the list of our Lord's ancestors.
His birth name had carried a promise. The new one carries a judgment:
Jehoahaz meant "The Lord shall hold"; but Jeremiah calls him Shallum (Jeremiah 22:11), meaning "Recompensed"; judgment was to fall on him.
The verse completes a startling instruction: stop mourning the king who died, and weep hard for the one going away.
The land never heard a louder wail than when all Judah and Jerusalem mourned for Josiah... The people mourned Josiah justly, for they had lost so godly a king, cut off early. But the lot of his son was far more to be pitied: Pharaoh-Necho removed him from the throne and carried him away into Egypt.
The sentence fits the man. He had taken a throne that was not his, and God stood behind the king who took it from him.
He never returned from Egypt. Jehoahaz — the name means "Jehovah-seized" — had seized a throne that was not his by right. In turn Necho, God's instrument, seized him and carried him to a land of exile, to find a grave far from the tombs of his fathers.
One writer weighs Shallum's exile against a later king's:
The call to weep for him suggests that something worse than mere deportation was in store for Josiah's worthless successor. Jehoiachin, a few years later, went into an easy captivity, but no such portion awaited Shallum. Possibly Necho inflicted on him what he would have liked to inflict on the man who opposed his march to Carchemish.
Shallum was the son of Josiah, a godly king. Writers draw a warning for every father from what became of Josiah's sons:
For a time Josiah's godly influence shaped the priests, the Levites and the people. But his own sons do not seem to have taken in the life and deeds of their father... The evil ways of the sons of Aaron, the sons of Eli, the sons of Samuel, and the sons of Josiah give a solemn warning to every godly father. He must give special attention to his own house, in case the evils he hates and condemns in others spring up in his own family.
Jeremiah's words here were not vague. Writers trace the same precision through what he said about the kings after Shallum:
The word about Jehoahaz, or rather "Shallum" (Jeremiah 22:11-12), came to pass with solemn precision, and so did the word about Jehoiakim (Jeremiah 22:17-19). His son, whom his father called Jehoiachin and the prophet called Coniah, became another witness to the truth of God's holy word.
Shallum is the first in a group of kings this chapter puts together.
The kings named here are out of date order. The purpose is to gather the separate prophecies against the separate kings of Judah into one cluster, to show, as a moral lesson, that there was almost no difference between them. Some might be more open in their violence and gross wickedness, but they were all faithless and godless.
If this line gave Judah no fit ruler, one writer points to where the true King is found:
Where, then, is this deeply desired King, this One on whom so much depends? Is He living today? What is His Name? The answer to these questions is given in 2 Timothy 2:8, "Jesus Christ of the seed of David raised from among the dead."
- Named — Jeremiah calls him Shallum, "Recompensed." His birth name had promised that the Lord would hold him.
- Requited — he had seized a throne that was not his; he was seized in turn and buried far from his fathers' tombs.
- Wept — mourning is redirected from Josiah's grave to his living son, whose exile was the sadder loss of the two.
- Warned — Josiah's godly influence never reached his own sons. Every father who hates evil in others should watch his own house.
- Replaced — not one king in this line was better than the rest. The throne belongs to Jesus Christ, of David's line, raised from the dead.