Having therefore a great high priest who has passed through the heavens, Jesus the Son of God, let us hold fast the confession.
The letter to the Hebrews has just described the word of God laying every heart bare. At once it turns to a Priest in heaven, and answers the question that raises: what has God given to carry weak people through to the end?
The verse belongs to a section about people still travelling, not people already home. One commentator maps the flow of these chapters and shows where verse 14 lands:
The first two chapters unfold to us the glories of the Person of Christ, and so prepare us for entering into the blessedness of His service as our great High Priest. In this fresh division of the letter we learn, first, where Christ carries out His priestly service — the House of God (Hebrews 3:1-6). Second, we learn the wilderness circumstances which call for this priestly service (Hebrews 3:7-19). Third, we are told of the rest to which the wilderness leads (Hebrews 4:1-11). Finally, we learn the gracious means God has provided to preserve us in the wilderness (Hebrews 4:12-16).
The searching word is one means. The priesthood is the other.
The first readers were Jewish believers under pressure to go back to the religion they had left, with its priests descended from Aaron. The word great answers that pressure:
A great High Priest He is called. Aaron was high priest. Jesus, the Son of God, is greater. In this the Hebrews lost nothing by becoming Christians. The Jews might boast of the line of priests descended from Aaron; these Hebrews could say, "The Son of God is our High Priest."
Older translations read "passed into the heavens." One commentator shows why the wording matters:
In verse 14 the emphasis lies upon the greatness of the Priest. As to His office, He is not only a Priest but a High Priest, and even more, a great High Priest. As to His position, He has "passed into," or as it should read, "passed through the heavens." Think of the heavens as chambers where angels or other beings live. They lead on to the highest heaven, the immediate presence of God. The great High Priest of our profession has passed through all the heavens, past every created being. He never stopped until He took His seat at the right hand of God. As to His Person, He is Divine and human — Jesus — the Son of God.
Commentators differ on the timing. Some have argued that He entered at His death. One writer ties this verse to the ascension instead:
No one denies that the Lord was in Paradise at once after His death. But no sober Christian has ever confused that with His entering on priestly work after His ascension. Indeed one of the two texts puts it beyond dispute: Christ entered the sanctuary once for all, having obtained eternal redemption. This is the only entrance the letter has in view or allows.
The verse gives two names, and each does its own work for a struggling believer:
The true believer knows only too well how hard it is to keep up the Christian profession in power. He has a deep sense of his own spiritual weakness and his tendency to yield to the enemy. So he values all the more the care and support, the sympathy and help, of our Great High Priest. He has left us in a hostile world and has passed through the heavens. Even so, He still sustains us in the path of faith, and He comforts us in all the trouble of our heavenward journey. He has all power... We may connect the mercy with the name of Jesus and the power with the Son of God.
"Confession" here is the same word elsewhere rendered "profession" — the open owning of Christ before others:
The other application of the term is confessing the Lord Jesus. The Jewish rulers agreed that if anyone "confessed" that Jesus was the Christ they would put him out of the synagogue... This is profession, as indeed the same word, homologeō, is translated. "Let us hold fast our profession" — "the profession of our faith." Hebrews 4:14; Hebrews 10:23.
The command implies a real possibility of letting go:
They were not to give up the Christian faith, and certainly not to corrupt it by mixing in the principles of the Judaism they had left. They were to hold their confession, a well-known one, firmly. And the very exhortation warns of the danger there was of surrendering it.
- Wilderness — the verse speaks to people mid-journey. God has provided the means to keep them: the searching word, then the living Priest.
- Great — He is not one more priest in Aaron's line. Those who left the old system for Him lost nothing: the Son of God is their High Priest.
- Through — He did not stop partway. He passed every created being and sat down at God's right hand. He entered at His ascension, not at His death.
- Jesus, Son of God — the human name carries mercy for our weakness, the divine title carries the power to sustain us.
- Hold fast — hold the open owning of Christ firmly. The command itself warns that the danger of letting go is real.
For we have not a high priest not able to sympathise with our infirmities, but tempted in all things in like manner, sin apart.
Hebrews has just shown the word of God laying the heart bare. Now it turns to a High Priest in heaven, and answers two questions every tested believer asks: does He really feel what we feel, and how can He, with no sin in Him at all?
The verse is put as a denial: He is not a priest who cannot be touched. One writer weighs its words closely:
In verse 15 the emphasis lies upon the grace of the Priest. He is touched with the feeling of our infirmities. Note those three words carefully. Infirmities, not sins; for His temptations here were wholly apart from sin. While infirmity deserves sympathy, sin deserves nothing but condemnation. Further, He is concerned with the feeling of our infirmities, not merely with the knowledge. When trouble comes and fellow Christians offer sympathy, we quickly know the difference between sympathy that flows from knowledge alone and sympathy that springs from having already been in the same place… He regards us not with the cold interest of the philosopher, but with the warm affection of the Lover of our souls.
The ESV says "weaknesses"; older translations say "infirmities." The word is worth a closer look:
The word translated here as "infirmities" is elsewhere translated as "sickness" and "weakness." Whatever the translation, it seems to carry the thought of someone needing help from another. It is the same word used of our Lord — "crucified in weakness." Sickness was never recorded of Him. Yet He bore the anguish of the cross in His body, so how well He would know what His saints would need when sickness was allowed to come upon them.
One writer is firm about what "tempted" means here, and about a common objection:
Temptation means trial. In Christ's case it never means what in fallen man is an inward pull toward evil. This is what the Holy Spirit expressly denies of Him… We know all too well the human and selfish argument that He could not sympathise with us properly if He was free from those inward, evil workings… But if we needed the Lord to be harassed in the same way to feel fully with us, we would on that ground want Him to have given in, as we sadly have often done, to sympathise with us in our failures… He sympathises with us in our holy, not in our unholy, temptations. For our unholiness He died; the cross alone has met it fully in God's sight.
With that one exception, the statement is total, and the record of His wilderness testing bears it out:
There is one great exception to the statement: He was altogether apart from sin. With that exception made, the statement covers everything. He was tempted in every respect. The Gospels confirm this as history. Take Luke's account of the temptation in the wilderness. There the temptations rise in order: the first aimed mainly at the body, the second at the soul, the third at the spirit… Our blessed Lord met them all, and triumphed in them all, in perfect manhood.
Darby preferred "apart from sin" to "yet without sin." He points to another verse, quoted here in an older wording, where the same phrase appears:
The "yet without sin," which I translated "apart from sin," is the same expression as in the passage, "He shall appear the second time without sin." He will then be completely free from sin. He was just as free from it in the temptations He went through… Everything which sin had caused as an effect He bore; in His nature He was sinless.
This limit is no loss to us. It matches what a believer wants:
Christ of course had no evil desires: He was tempted in every way, apart from sin. Sin had no part in it at all. But I do not wish for sympathy with the sin that is in me; I detest it, I wish it to be put to death — judged unsparingly. This the word does. For my weakness and my difficulties I seek sympathy; and I find it in the priesthood of Jesus.
He has walked our path, so His care reaches even the trials we would be ashamed to mention to anyone else:
Not one atom of our experience is beneath the notice of our blessed High Priest! No trial is so small that you cannot pour it out in His sympathetic ear, even one you would be ashamed to tell a man… He is not merely One who has divine knowledge of our path — God has that… with our blessed Lord it is more than divine knowledge of the sorrows and needs of His people; it is divine experience of those sorrows and needs.
- Weakness — "Weaknesses," or "infirmities," means sickness and weakness. It describes someone who needs help, not someone who sins.
- Tested — "Tempted" means trial, never an inward pull toward evil. In the wilderness, body, soul and spirit were each tested, and He triumphed in them all.
- Sinless — He was as free from sin under trial as He will be when He appears a second time. That is why one writer preferred to translate the phrase "apart from sin."
- Sympathy — His fellow-feeling meets us where we need it: in our weakness and difficulty. He never sympathises with the sin we ourselves want judged; for that He died.
- Boldness — He does not just know our path from above. He has walked it, so no trial is too small to bring to Him.