And Jehovah Elohim took Man, and put him into the garden of Eden, to till it and to guard it.
God placed the first man in a garden He had prepared and gave him work to do. Two questions follow. What does it mean that God put him there? And why does a world with no sin or curse need anyone to work and keep it?
The verse starts with God, not with the job. One writer traces every right Adam held back to God, who owned it all first.
The man had received his being from God, and it was God who placed him in the garden prepared for him. He was placed there not to be idle, but "to work it and keep it." How complete were God's rights over the creature He had formed! All of Adam's rights — over the garden, the earth, and the various kinds of lower creatures — came from the sovereign appointment of the One to whom they all belonged, Adam included.
Nothing in the garden was broken. Yet God still gave the man a charge, and one writer says why doing nothing would have been wrong:
Here we are told not about the place, its resources and surroundings, far-reaching as they were. We are told its moral point and purpose. God the Governor took Man and put him into the paradise He had prepared. All was unfallen, in order and beauty, with no stain in Adam or in the creation under him, and certainly none in its loveliest spot. Yet God put Man there to work it and keep it. Standing above the work in indifference would have been out of place, even though Man was blessed, everything was very good, and toil and sorrow were unknown.
Many assume work began as punishment. One writer separates work from the toil that came later:
Scripture does not say there was no "work" before the fall. Man was placed in the garden "to work it and keep it," which shows God did not want His creature to be idle. But no "toil" or "sorrow" went with that occupation. Now thorns and thistles were to appear, and man was to eat bread by the sweat of his face. Weariness is known now, and so is the sweetness of rest after work. Idleness was one of the sins of Sodom (Ezek. 16:49). It had no place in innocence… Work here is good for all, and there is profit in it. For out of evil God can and does bring good.
Service does not end where toil and weariness end:
How telling it is that God laid toil on man when sin came into the world! Man was to earn his bread by the sweat of his brow. At first God put him there to work and keep the garden, but there was no bitterness of service and toil. So in that heavenly Paradise, the rest of God we enter, there will be service and ministry throughout eternity — but no weariness, no toil, nothing to show that sin is present.
One writer contrasts Adam's place in the garden with the stoop of a slave:
He had put Adam there to work it and keep it — not as a slave, bent low by the sweat of his face over ground cursed because of him. That ground gives back for his labour, along with the plants he eats, "thorns and thistles," rods of discipline and constant reminders of his fall. No, God had placed Adam there as king, centre and head of the whole lower creation, a picture of the One who was to come.
The charge was also a lesson. One writer counts it among God's provisions for Adam:
Along with everything else God provided for his blessing we must count this — too little thought of — that Adam was also to be taught mastery, even in a place where no moral evil existed. He was to "fill the earth and subdue it," and to "work and keep" even the "garden of delight."
Adam did not keep what he was given. One writer sets Eden beside a second garden:
In the first garden God placed Adam, innocent, with access to the tree of life. But he chose the tree of responsibility, went the wrong way, and fell. In the second garden lay the One who had a right to the tree of life, yet who had met that responsibility in the dust of death. For the first man, the garden east in Eden became the gateway to a lost world that ends in the lake of fire. For the other, that garden becomes the gateway for His people — not back to Paradise regained, but into the Paradise of God.
- Placed — Adam did not choose his place. God set him there, and every right he held came from that gift.
- Charged — even where nothing was wrong, standing back would have been out of place. He was given the garden to work and to guard.
- Trained — the charge was a gift, teaching mastery in a scene where no evil yet existed.
- Not cursed — work belongs to innocence; toil, sweat, thorns and weariness came in only with sin.
- Restored — the first man lost the garden he was to keep. The One who lay in the second garden met that responsibility in death. He opens not Eden again but the Paradise of God, where service goes on without weariness.
And Jehovah Elohim commanded Man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou shalt freely eat;
God's command to the man opens with a gift, not a ban — the whole garden is his to eat from. Why then did a Creator who withheld nothing keep back one tree?
One writer breaks the command into its parts, and notes where Adam stood when he heard it:
How fitting that there should be some test of whether Adam recognised these rights of his Creator! And if there was to be a test, how could there have been an easier one, or one kinder to man? In Genesis 2:16-17, notice four things: God's authority — He "commanded the man"; His bounty — "Of every tree"; His prohibition — "You shall not"; His warning — "In the day." So man is fully set in responsibility before the woman is created. She was to share the responsibility with him.
Two small words carry the tone of the whole permission: "every" and "freely." (Older translations read "freely eat" where the ESV has "surely.") They tell you what the Giver is like.
God had revealed His ways to him, as a Giver, in the widest generosity. Nothing was withheld from man. The ten thousand streams that fed into his happiness in Eden spoke of a God who would withhold no good thing. "Of every tree of the garden you may freely eat" announced the freeness and fullness of a Hand that was not stingy. The man was to enjoy it all freely.
The tempter would later hint that God was holding something back. The answer lay in God's own words, and went unused:
What could have met such a poisoned arrow from Satan but perfect confidence? Confidence would have answered in the very words of the LORD God: "Of every tree of the garden you may freely eat." Such is our Creator's goodness. And since He made only this one exception, we can trust His goodness in this too — that it is for our good. Faith would have noticed the "every" and the "freely" in Genesis 2:16.
The single exception marks whose garden it was:
God had reserved for Himself only one of the trees in that great estate. That one tree showed that the garden belonged to God. The command not to eat from it simply upheld God's right to be obeyed by His creature.
Keeping that one tree closed also spared Adam something:
Here was a test of man's obedience. The wide range of delightful fruits made it no hardship to refrain from this one tree. And further, it was a merciful fencing off of a real danger. Think for a moment. Adam knew the good. The good could only be a blessing to him. The knowledge of evil could only defile, and bring nothing in its train but sorrow.
The forbidden fruit was not wrong in itself. Everything hung on God's word alone:
The sense of responsibility was there, the debt of obedience. It belonged to the nature of his relationship with God. But distinguishing things as good and evil in themselves had no place in his mind. To have eaten of the tree was no evil in itself: he would have eaten of it as innocently as of any other. God had forbidden it, and everything depended on that command. Adam in innocence was formed to understand responsibility to obey. Avoiding something just because it was evil, where no command had been given, was unknown to him.
Commentators differ over whether to call this command a law. Some use that word, but stress how small the law was:
In verses 16 and 17 we find that Adam, though created in a state of innocence, was put in a place of responsibility… He was put under law in the simplest way. The law was one commandment, and that commandment concerned only one tree… The divine command was cut down to the barest minimum. It was just enough to keep before him that as the creature he must be subject to the Creator and walk in obedience.
Others draw a line between responsibility and law, and use the wording of the verse to do it:
Responsibility and moral obligation to God is the due relationship of the creature, man, to God as sovereign and supreme, in every condition… Law was not in Eden, though responsibility to obey was there. So it is written: "The Lord God commanded the man." This commandment was not a ban on something wrong in itself, like "You shall not murder." It was a simple test of obedience.
- Bounty first. Before God says "you shall not," He says "every" and "freely" — the command opens with a gift, not a restriction.
- One exception. God kept back one tree out of the whole garden. It marked the garden as His, and man as bound to obey Him.
- Mercy in the limit. Adam already knew the good; the knowledge of evil could only defile him, so the fence was kindness.
- A test, not a moral code. The fruit was not evil in itself; everything rested on the bare fact that God had spoken.
- Trust is the issue. Faith weighs the "every" and the "freely." Those words answer any hint that God is holding good back.
but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it; for in the day that thou eatest of it thou shalt certainly die.
God gave man a garden full of food, fenced off one tree with a word, and attached a penalty to it. Sin, death, and the need for a Saviour all turn on how man treated that one sentence.
God was not withholding pleasure. He set one limit inside an abundance He had already given.
The forbidden tree took nothing from Adam. It denied him no pleasure or taste, for the Lord God had set in the garden every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food. It did carry fruit. But God restricted eating it for one reason only: to remind His wonderful creature that he held everything in trust under his Maker. Beneath man was everything in this lower creation. Above him, God. The one simple safeguard for keeping his position was obedience. And obedience, not to a complicated code of laws, but to one simple command.
The command settled a question that had nothing to do with the fruit itself.
The actual test was the prohibition of something that was not in itself evil, but simply and by decree wrong for man because God had forbidden it. That is the very essence of a test for an innocent man... It was the simple question of whether God was really Jehovah-Elohim, whether He was a moral governor or not, whether man was to be independent of God or not. This was not decided by some great matter whose results man could reason out and foresee. It was decided simply by doing or not doing the will of God.
God knew what that knowledge would do to man.
God had given every tree of the garden for food except one single tree. This prohibition was a test of the creature's obedience to the Creator. The Creator also knew what would follow if they ate from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. It would ruin man's innocence. It would poison his whole being by bringing in the knowledge of evil, with no power to resist it. Therefore His prohibition was merciful.
Obedience would have left him knowing good only; disobedience gave him knowledge without the strength to act on it.
Knowledge was acquired, but no wisdom, and man's knowledge ever since has been his ruin — knowledge of good, but no power to practise it; knowledge of evil and no power to resist it.
Notice what God does not say. He promises no reward for obeying — the sentence carries only a warning.
Adam already had life. God tested him by a direct, well-known command: do not eat the forbidden fruit. What made this test perfect was that it raised no moral question in itself... What I insist on is this. There was no promise of life, which would suppose he did not have it. There was a threat of death, which supposed he was alive — alive and innocent, with no knowledge of good and evil.
The garden held two trees, and we must never confuse them.
The tree of life was distinct from that of knowing good and evil. The test of responsible obedience was one thing, the means of life quite another. When man disobeyed by eating from the one tree, God drove him out, in case he should also take from the other and make his fallen sinful state everlasting.
How was this sentence carried out? Commentators differ. Some read the death as separation from God, beginning the same day:
Here the Lord attaches to the first act of evil nothing less than complete separation from Himself; for He is the living God... and therefore a state of death was a state of separation from Him. He announces this state as the certain and immediate doom of the creature the moment he commits evil.
Others insist the sentence meant the death of the body, not the moral ruin sin caused:
Spiritual death, or "death in trespasses and sins," cannot be what God speaks of in His warning to Adam. That is indeed the spiritual state that results from the fall. But the moral state of a criminal is very different from the judgment passed on the criminal. Man's depravity is what he is condemned for, not what he is sentenced to.
The first lie in history struck straight at this verse.
The first form of unbelief was the denial of God's word... God said, "in the day that you eat of it you shall surely die." The serpent said, "You shall not surely die." Eve did not believe God's word, and so she became the unbeliever.
The threat was never withdrawn — it was carried out on Another.
The Lord had said, "you shall surely die." Christ came as the great witness to His people that "the wages of sin is death." In His case it was by imputation only, for He was perfectly and entirely holy. But He took our sins; He bore our iniquities. He was willing to be looked on as the guilty one, and to bear the penalty God had attached to sin — "you shall surely die" — to uphold the truth of God.
- Trust — God withheld one tree in a garden full of gifts. That kept obedience simple and left His authority as the only question.
- Test — the fruit was not evil in itself. That is what fits a test for an innocent man, who already had life and was warned, not offered a reward.
- Truth — "you shall surely die" was God's word. The serpent contradicted it, and man believed the contradiction.
- Toll — death followed. Some writers read it as immediate separation from God, others as the sentence of bodily death.
- Triumph — the penalty stood until Christ, holy Himself, bore it, and so upheld the truth of God.