And Jehovah passed by before his face, and proclaimed, Jehovah, Jehovah щGod merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abundant in goodness and truth,
Israel worshipped the golden calf, Moses broke the tablets, and now God gives the law again — this time speaking His own name over it. How much of God does that name reveal: the gospel arriving early, or something short of it?
In Scripture a name tells you what someone is. Here God defines Himself. One writer weighs what this name shows and what it leaves for later. ("Jehovah" below is the name the ESV prints as "the LORD.")
Edward DennettName in Scripture, at least in connection with God, expresses nature; and so here it means what God was as JEHOVAH. Remember: this is not the Father revealing Himself, but Jehovah in His relationship with Israel. So it is not a complete revelation of God. That could not come until after the cross. The difference is between what God was as Jehovah to Israel, and what God is as the Father to His children.
The first giving of the law carried no such words. When the tablets are replaced, something new is spoken over them.
Frederick W. GrantBut now, if He gives the law a second time, He gives it with other declarations alongside it, unlike anything that had gone before. He now couples His mercy with it... It was still law — they were still under responsibility to keep it. But now He was going to exercise patience. He would forgive iniquity, transgression, and sin. And yet, at the same time, He could not clear the guilty.
One writer traces the word for "slow to anger" through the Greek Old Testament.
J. A. TrenchFrom Exodus 34:6 onward, the Greek Old Testament uses makrothumos again and again of God... In Proverbs 15:18 and 16:32 it answers to our "slow to anger," though the patient restraint of spirit in the word is not limited to anger... It means "a long holding out of the mind before it gives room to action or passion," and it describes God in His forbearance towards those who provoke Him.
Commentators differ on how far this proclamation reaches. One writer calls it government rather than salvation, pointing to the words that follow in verse 7.
Hamilton SmithClearly this is not pure law; neither is it pure grace — the sovereign grace of God revealed in Christ. It is rather the goodness of God in government. Under that government, God will by no means clear the guilty. Under grace, God can justify the ungodly.
Others put the accent the other way, on what verse 6 discloses of God Himself.
L. M. GrantIn verse 6 and the first part of verse 7 the Lord is not declaring law at all. What He declares stands in contrast to law. It expresses what is actually in the heart of God. It is now shown in perfection in the person of the Lord Jesus and in His great sacrifice at Calvary.
To Moses, these qualities could have looked at odds with each other. Where the ESV says "steadfast love and faithfulness," older translations read "goodness and truth" — the wording used below.
F. B. HoleHe might have wanted to ask, If He is abundant in truth as well as goodness, how can He be gracious to a people such as we have proved ourselves to be? Or again, How can He rightly forgive iniquity and transgressions, if He will by no means clear the guilty...? Centuries later the Psalmist, writing as a prophet, looked ahead to the happy day when it would be said, "Steadfast love and faithfulness meet; righteousness and peace kiss each other" (Ps. 85:10). But even then, there was no full display of "grace and truth" until they "came through Jesus Christ" (John 1:17) and were harmonized by His death and resurrection.
One writer ties this name straight to the gospel preached today.
J. N. DarbyThe gospel of the grace of God is the revelation of the glory of God in the person and the work of His Son Jesus Christ. It is the perfect expression of that name which God had proclaimed to Moses.
Israel saw what God did. Moses learned why He does it — and that difference shapes Israel's future restoration.
Hamilton SmithThe ways of God, made known to Moses, will bring about the blessing of restored Israel. God revealed His outward acts to Israel; to Moses He revealed the principles on which He acted. These ways are now declared to the restored nation.
- Name — God's name here is His nature put into words: this is what He is like, not just what He is called.
- Named after failure — the tablets lie broken, and God joins mercy to the law when He gives it again.
- Named in patience — "slow to anger" describes a long holding back toward the very people who provoke Him.
- Named but not finished — commentators differ over how much grace this name holds; the full display waited for the cross.
- Name fulfilled — love and truth stand together in the verse. At the cross they meet, and the gospel becomes the perfect expression of this name.
keeping mercy unto thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin, but by no means clearing [the guilty]; visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children, and upon the children's children, upon the third and upon the fourth [generation].
Israel had made the golden calf, and Moses went back up the mountain to receive the law a second time. There God proclaimed His own name, and it holds together two things that seem to pull apart: free forgiveness of sin, and no clearing of the guilty.
In Scripture a name says what someone is. Here God makes Himself known as Jehovah — the name of His relationship with Israel.
Edward DennettName in Scripture, at least in connection with God, expresses nature; and so here it means what God was as Jehovah. Remember: the One revealed here is not the Father. It is Jehovah in His relationship with Israel. So this is not a complete revelation of God. That could not come until after the cross... "It is not at all the name of His relationship with the sinner for his justification. It is the name of His relationship with Israel for His government. Mercy, holiness, and patience mark His ways with them, but He does not clear the guilty."... He did have a heart of love for His people. But that love waited, so to speak, until atonement was complete. Then God could righteously justify the ungodly.
The verse falls into three parts. The first says something pure law could never say.
H. L. RossierMoses broke the first tablets at the foot of the mountain, and they never reached the people, who had already made the golden calf... This is the law God gave Moses the second time, in Exodus 34. It was a softened law, offered to man to keep, if his flesh had been able to keep at least what is relatively good. It proclaimed first of all what pure law could in no way show: the mercy and the grace of the Lord... Second, it proclaimed righteousness: He "will by no means clear the guilty." Third, it announced repayment under the government of God on earth.
Commentators give one warning again and again. Readers take this verse for a picture of the gospel. It is not.
C. H. MackintoshPeople often bring this passage forward as a display of grace. It is entirely a display of government... Treat it as God presented in the gospel, and we would have a very limited view of what the gospel is. The gospel speaks like this: "in Christ God was reconciling the world to Himself, not counting their trespasses against them" (2 Corinthians 5:19). "Visiting iniquity" and "not counting" it are two totally different things. The first is God in government; the second is God in grace. It is the same God, but a different showing of Himself.
One writer answered a reader who stumbled over the closing clause. He traced the trouble to what the reader expected to find there.
William KellyThe reader's difficulty comes from looking for the gospel plan of salvation in this text. It is the proclamation of the name of Jehovah in His government of Israel... God displayed precious goodness and patience here, no doubt. But this was for His people still under the law, so in the end it could only bring condemnation and death. The essence of the gospel is different. It comes to the sinner on the very ground that he is lost, and it plainly justifies the ungodly.
So how can God forgive and still refuse to clear the guilty?
A J PollockThere seems a contradiction here at first sight. Here is God declaring that He is ready to show mercy to thousands, to forgive sins, and yet declaring that He will by no means clear the guilty. How can this seeming contradiction be explained?
The answer is not that justice steps aside so mercy can win.
J. N. DarbyJustice never gives up its claims, and it cannot. But Christ satisfies it. Justice is not pushed into second place, even though grace reigns. God showed Moses governmental goodness, but justice kept its claims. There was no atonement, and each soul had to answer for itself.
The closing clause describes something still visible in ordinary life.
J. N. DarbyExodus 34 does not show sovereign grace bringing a soul to eternal life. It shows governmental power, and we can see it at work every day around us. For if a man wastes his fortune, or ruins his health by any kind of excess, his children suffer for it. This is an invariable principle.
But Scripture also guards this warning against a misreading.
Numerical Bible NotesHe has Himself told us that He visits "the iniquity of the fathers on the children to the third and the fourth generation." But He adds words that guard this from being misread: "of those who hate Me." Israel picked up a proverb from just such a misreading, and elsewhere the Lord condemns it in the strongest terms: "The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge" (Ezekiel 18). He does not only say it; He swears it. They will have no reason to use that proverb.
- Name. God says what He is like. He speaks as Jehovah, dealing with Israel for His government — not as the Father who justifies a sinner.
- Mixture. The verse is neither pure law nor pure grace. It holds mercy for thousands, righteousness that will not acquit, and repayment under God's government on earth.
- Reach. That government runs down the generations. But God guards it: He visits iniquity "of those who hate Me," and swears the sour-grapes proverb has no ground.
- Limit. In the gospel God does not count trespasses. Here in His government He visits them. Read this verse as the gospel and you shrink the gospel.
- Resolution. Justice never gives up its claims. Christ satisfies them, and so God can forgive iniquity and still refuse to clear the guilty.