for ye were once darkness, but now light in [the] Lord; walk as children of light,
Paul has just warned the Ephesians about the sins that once filled their lives. Here he says why those sins no longer fit them: they are not just in a new place, they are new people, and their walk must match that.
The apostle does not say the Ephesians were in the dark. He says they were darkness. One writer presses how total that condition was:
Now we were what is contrary to His character, we were darkness; not only in the dark, but darkness in our nature, the opposite of God who is light. Not one ray of what He is was found in our will, our desires, our understanding. We were morally destitute of it.
The problem was never only ignorance. Another writer names what the old nature loved, and what has taken its place:
It is not simply that we were in the dark, ignorant of God. Our nature itself was darkness, because it found its pleasure in everything that is against God. Now we are partakers of the divine nature, and that nature is marked by love and light.
The verse does not say only that we are light. It adds the words that carry the whole weight — in the Lord. Our position, and the responsibility that follows it, both start there:
The Lord was light in Himself; we are not light in ourselves, but in the Lord. And the exhortation is, "Walk as children of light." God has taken us out of darkness. Think of it. The more we feel in our souls that we are in the light, as God is in the light, the more we will want a walk that suits it. But we measure all responsibility by our relationship. We are in the light to start, and our responsibility flows from that fact.
The verse does not tell them to become light. It tells them to walk as children of light. The order matters:
Since the change is so complete, the word is "walk as children of light." Be consistent with what you are, not merely with what you ought to be. We are light — yes, light in the Lord. That is at once the ground, the character, and the measure of what suits our ways as Christians. So let us walk accordingly. How comforting is the call of grace to holy ways! God is light, and in Him is no darkness at all. If we are His children, we are children of light. How completely law disappears as the motive or the pattern of our walk.
The position cannot be lost, but the walk can fall out of step with it. One writer pictures it with sunshine:
If you are outside today, you will be in the sunshine, as long as the sun is shining. You can turn your back on the sun so that you do not see it, but you are still walking in the sunshine, even if you do not enjoy it. This is what can happen in our lives. We cannot return to a walk in darkness because we have been taken out of darkness into His wonderful light, but we can walk as children of darkness. That is why it is said, "Walk as children of light". We are to walk in accordance with the position which we have been given by grace.
The next verse tells us what this walk produces, and where it comes from:
But we are no longer darkness, nor in darkness, but are children of light: the fruit of the light — that is, the practical result of knowing God fully revealed — should be shown in all "goodness and righteousness and truth."
This also gives the believer his motive for refusing the sins listed earlier in the chapter:
I refuse to take part in uncleanness, because I was in darkness, but now I am transformed. I am a new creature, a child of light.
- Were. Not in darkness only — darkness itself, with not one ray of God's character in the will, desires or understanding.
- Are. Light, but never light in ourselves: light in the Lord, sharing the divine nature and loving what He loves.
- Walk. Be consistent with what you are, not merely with what you ought to be. The position sets the measure of the path.
- Bear. The fruit of the light is all that is good and right and true — the practical outcome of knowing God as He has revealed Himself.
- Refuse. The believer turns down impurity not just because it is wrong, but because it does not belong to a new creature, a child of light.
(for the fruit of the light [is] in all goodness and righteousness and truth,)
The call just before this verse is to walk as children of light. Verse 9 breaks in to say what that light bears: goodness, righteousness and truth. The wording also raises a well-known question — fruit of the light, or fruit of the Spirit?
The verse does not start a new subject. It pauses the command to walk as children of light. Then it names what that walk bears, and what it shuts out.
Verse 9 explains what will shine out. The correct reading is not "the fruit of the Spirit," but "the fruit of the light." Three words sum up that fruit — goodness, righteousness, truth. The opposites — evil, iniquity, unreality — should be entirely shut out of our lives. Walking this way as children of light, we prove what is pleasing to God. We prove it not by reasoning, but by practical experience. We put things to the test, and so learn it for ourselves.
These same three qualities do mark the Spirit's work. That may be how the older reading arose. But the contrast being drawn here settles the wording.
No doubt these are the marks of the Spirit's gracious work. That may be what put "the Spirit" in place of "light" in the common text. But there can be no reasonable question that the true thought and word in verse 9 is "the light"... In Galatians 5 it is the fruit, not of the light, but of the Spirit. There it stands against the works of the flesh... Here the contrast is not with legal tendencies and the workings of flesh, which the law both provokes and condemns. It is with the darkness which we once were when we were without the Lord.
The three words cover different ground: how we treat others, how we meet our duties, and how honest we are.
Verse 9 is a parenthesis. Light produces goodness, righteousness and truth. Goodness is that which actively seeks the good of others. Righteousness is carrying out properly the duties of whatever relationship we are in. Truth is transparent honesty.
The order matters. Goodness heads the list, and righteousness and truth come after it.
We are to walk in keeping with the position grace has given us. So we are called to something wonderful: to walk as children of light and show the fruit of light, which is in all goodness. This has the character of love. Only then do righteousness and truth follow. These would be more the characteristics of light, but goodness leads us to the love of God.
No one produces these qualities on his own. They are fruit, and fruit needs a root.
The works of darkness bear no fruit. But those who walk in the light, as He is in the light, bear precious fruit. Goodness, righteousness and truth are out of reach for the natural man. They are found in the way of those whom the Spirit, through faith, shapes into practical likeness to Christ. He is Himself the essence and fulness of these things. By staying close to Him, we reflect what we enjoy in Him. Our fruit, whether scanty or abundant, must savour of the Root that bears us.
So the fruit of light is not just something pleasant in a person. It carries the character of light itself, and light never leaves evil alone.
This is all part of our marvellous place and responsibility as children of light. It is not law, which only condemns by an outward standard applied from without. It is an inward and most searching divine capacity. Love is its source and its end, yet it spares evil even less than the law does, and it brings in good by the Holy Spirit in Christ... Light by its nature reveals itself and everything else. This is just as true in spiritual things as in nature.
- Light, not Spirit — the true reading is "the fruit of the light." Galatians 5 sets the Spirit's fruit against the flesh; here the contrast is with the darkness we once were.
- Light gives — the position comes first; the walk keeps true to what grace has made us.
- Light bears — goodness seeks the good of others. Righteousness meets the duties of each relationship. Truth is plain honesty.
- Light roots — none of this is native to us. The fruit tastes of the Root that bears it, and it grows by staying close to Christ.
- Light reveals — the fruit that pleases God also shows up the works of darkness, because revealing is what light does.
proving what is agreeable to the Lord;
Paul has just called the Ephesians light in the Lord, and this verse tells them what that light is for. So how does a believer find out what pleases the Lord when no rule covers the situation?
This verse does not stand alone. Commentators read verse 9 as a side note, so that verse 10 links straight back to the call to walk as children of light. One writer also says why God's will can seem hard to find.
This verse is connected with what is said about light in verse 8; verse 9 is in parentheses. This is what we have to learn in our conduct. People often say it is hard to find out the will of God. But this is because we are not ready to face difficulties, and then we cannot find out His will. In this verse we see the state of soul that loves to please. It enters into the spirit of the walk, and it takes in the wishes of God, so as to be acceptable to Him.
This Greek word turns up in other letters too, translated in different ways.
euarestos (literally 'well-pleasing,' from eu, 'well,' and aresko, 'to please') means 'acceptable' to God, Rom. 14:18; 'agreeable' to the Lord, Eph. 5:10; 'well-pleasing' to Him, Col. 3:20. These passages show that the older rendering "we may be accepted of him" in 2 Cor. 5:9 is wrong: it should be "agreeable to him."
The same word marks a difference Paul kept clear in his own life:
He was certain that he was accepted. Yet he never forgot that he had to stand before the judgment seat of Christ… So for Paul, being accepted and being acceptable were two different questions, and both mattered greatly. He knew by the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ that God had accepted him. He worked hard to be acceptable. So the teaching of grace was not weakened, even though he never lost sight of his responsibility.
This proving grows out of the walk itself. One writer shows how, with a picture from family life.
Being light in the Lord, we are to walk as children of light. That walk will show itself in "all that is good and right and true", for these things are the fruit of light. Walking this way, we shall prove in our own circumstances what is acceptable to the Lord… One writer said: "A child watches his father and learns what pleases him. He knows what his father would want in the situations that come up."
God could have given a list of answers for every case. One writer explains why He did not.
The discernment of a Christian depends on his spiritual and moral state, and God means it to be so. He will not simply be a director who hands us decisions. He makes us depend on our spiritual state even to know what His will is. This is not a set of higher rules for a select few. The discernment of the inward life makes what it sees both a delight and a duty at once.
This proving reaches the smallest choices, down to what we buy.
Is this our simple purpose? … In any common act of life, our question should be: is this acceptable to the Lord? When buying an item of clothing, it should not simply be, will this suit me? but, is it acceptable to the Lord, does it suit Him?
One writer gives the reason it reaches that far: we belong to Christ, who bought us.
To please Him who gave Himself for our sins is both the duty and the desire of the new man… We are no longer our own, but His who bought us. We please Him when we trust Him and obey His words. A Christian's business in the world is Christ, and nothing else. That word covers every lawful kind of situation and work. If we cannot do something wholeheartedly for Him, we should not do it at all.
This proving shows up in real life, and it also draws a line.
In walking as children of light we prove in experience what is acceptable to the Lord. Since He has no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, neither should we. He reproves them and so should we. We are not to argue about them or against them. We are to reject them plainly.
- Light first. The verse hangs on verse 8: because we are light in the Lord, we can tell what suits Him. The order is never reversed.
- Learned, not looked up. We learn as a child learns his father's likes, by watching. That knowledge fits situations no rule could cover.
- Proved, not just known. God holds back a list of answers on purpose. Our discernment follows our spiritual state, and what it sees becomes both a delight and a duty.
- Accepted, then acceptable. Grace settles our acceptance; being acceptable is our daily work. Holding both keeps grace intact and responsibility awake.
- Everything, or nothing. The test reaches clothes and work alike. If we cannot do it wholeheartedly for Him, we should not do it at all.
and do not have fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, but rather also reprove [them],
Commentary for this verse has not been generated yet.
for the things that are done by them in secret it is shameful even to say.
Paul has just told believers to have nothing to do with the fruitless works of darkness, and to expose them instead. So how do you expose evil you are not supposed to talk about?
Secret sins are as common now as they were then. Light exposes them, not our talk about them — and that exposure costs the one who shines.
Instead he should expose them — not necessarily by attacking the world's practices head on, but by a consistent godly life that reproves wrongdoing. Men's secret sins have as large a place now as in Paul's days. They are too shameful even to name. But the light exposes them and declares their true character, for light makes everything visible. Such exposing will not bring love to the witness, but rather hatred, as our Lord Jesus said: the world hates Him because He testifies that its works are evil (John 7:7). In His case the darkness hated the light; it was too much for them.
Everything turns on the word older versions translate "reprove." It does not mean scolding.
This word, reprove, occurs again, you will notice, in verse 13. Its meaning is not exactly admonish or rebuke, but rather expose. It is to expose, as by light, the true character of the works in question. If a believer shines out in his true character, his whole life will have that effect. His Master's life did this in the highest measure. Still, of course, there may be many times when words of rebuke are needed.
The Christian's answer to the world's vices is not debate. It is a choice about what fills the mind and the mouth.
We are not to argue about them or against them. We are simply and clearly to reject them. Even to talk about the vices practised in secret by the ungodly is a shame. The believer has far more profitable things to engage his thoughts and conversation.
Even rightly judging evil leaves a mark. One commentator shows why from Numbers 19.
It is a great thing for the Christian to be in the habit of living in what is good. We live in a world where we must deal with what is evil… But it will not do to be always occupied with it. It defiles even when we judge it. Think of the man who handled the ashes of the red heifer in Numbers 19. He was doing a service by gathering them up and laying them outside the camp. Yet he was unclean until evening, and the same was true of the man who applied them. It is soiling to our minds even to be judging evil.
Which sins count as the secret ones? The standard is Christ, not what other people notice.
We are to hate the unnoticed, quiet activities of the flesh as much as those that are openly filthy and corrupt. We are to loathe the secret, refined ways of selfishness as much as those that are open and shameless. To the Christian, Christ is the perfect model.
The effect goes beyond one person. Where Christians shine, public life changes — and the reverse is also true.
To speak of the things that the flesh can do in secret is shame. The light of Christ reproves the evil that it exposes. Where Christianity has shaped a land, people cannot publicly commit the gross sins that others commit openly elsewhere. The light in Christians is too strong. Sadly, as the light declines, sins again become more public and open.
- Light exposes. Exposure is what light does by being present. The believer's whole life shows the true character of dark works, though spoken rebuke is still sometimes needed.
- Light silences. The deeds done in secret are too shameful to name. So the Christian rejects them plainly instead of arguing about them or retelling them.
- Light guards. Even honest handling of evil leaves a stain. The man who gathered the ashes of the red heifer was unclean until evening. So the mind is not to live there.
- Light searches. Hate quiet, respectable selfishness as much as open filth. Christ is the standard, not public opinion.
- Light restrains. Where the light of Christ in Christians is strong, gross sin cannot go public. As that light fades, hidden sins come back into the open.
But all things having their true character exposed by the light are made manifest; for that which makes everything manifest is light.
Paul has just told believers to have nothing to do with the fruitless works of darkness. Instead they are to expose them. Here he says why that works: light brings everything into the open. Two questions follow. What does exposing ask of a Christian? And what does the closing clause about light mean?
The word does not picture a Christian telling other people off. It pictures what a lamp does to whatever it shines on.
Notice that this word, reprove, comes again in verse 13. It does not quite mean warn or rebuke. It means expose. It is to expose the true character of the works in question, the way light does. If a believer shines out in his true character, his whole life will have that effect, just as his Master's life did, in the highest measure of all. Of course there will still be many times when words of rebuke are needed.
Light does not just condemn from the outside, the way a rule does. It searches, and it shows things as they are.
It is not law, condemning by an outward standard held up against us. It is an inward and deeply searching divine capacity. Love is its source and its end, yet it spares evil even less, and it brings in good by the Holy Spirit in Christ... It belongs to light to show itself and everything else, and that is just as true in spiritual things as it is in nature.
The sentence does not stop at the verse break. It ends with a clause about light, and commentators differ over that clause. Some read it as a statement about anything that gets exposed. Others say light is what does the exposing. One writer, reviewing a new translation, argued the point sharply.
I have no doubt that this translation of Ephesians 5:13 is wrong. "Whatever is made manifest is light" is not only untrue; it is also not the point of the passage. The passage speaks of things being made manifest by the light. I admit the passage is difficult. But I believe the sense is, "what makes everything manifest is light," or, "it is the light which makes everything manifest." The form of the Greek word is found only here, and it would be a middle with an active sense.
Others say the sentence is true whichever way you take the word. And light does more than detect.
The last clause of this verse changes its meaning. It depends on whether you take the word translated "manifest" in an active or a passive sense. Either way it states an obvious truth. On the whole, the light seems meant to do more than detect. It also subdues and gives life.
If light exposes by shining, then a consistent life is itself the reproof. That is why the reaction is often hatred, not thanks.
Instead he should expose them. He need not attack the world's practices head on. A consistently godly life is itself a reproof of wickedness. People's secret sins fill as much room now as in Paul's day. They are too shameful even to name. But the light exposes them and declares their true character, for light shows up all things. Such exposing will not bring the witness love. It will bring him hatred, as our Lord Jesus said: the world "hates me because I testify about it that its works are evil" (John 7:7). In His case the darkness hated the light: it was too much for them.
Light and love are not rivals. And the light itself is not ours.
In verse 13 Paul continues along the line of holiness, righteousness and truth. But it is very important to see that the light of God never contradicts His love... Christ is always the true light. We have no light in ourselves, so even if we as Christians are called light it can only be light "in the Lord".
A verse about exposing evil is easy to aim only outward. It has a nearer target.
Bright sunlight shows up every detail of natural things. In the same way, the true light of God shows the real character of everything in the spiritual and moral realm. Are we willing to turn that light on our own conduct? And on popular religious schemes that compromise more and more of the truth of Scripture?
- Expose, not scold — "reprove" means to show a thing's true character, the way light does. Direct rebuke has its place, but it is not the main idea.
- Light acts — it is not an outward rule held up against evil. It is a searching power that shows itself and everything else, in spiritual things as in nature.
- Two readings — some say the Greek must mean "what makes everything manifest is light." Others say the truth holds either way: light both detects evil and subdues it.
- Shining costs — a godly life exposes darkness without attacking it. The darkness answers with hatred, as it did to Christ.
- Borrowed light — we are light only "in the Lord," so the first surface the beam should fall on is our own conduct.
Wherefore he says, Wake up, [thou] that sleepest, and arise up from among the dead, and the Christ shall shine upon thee.
Light shows things for what they are, and Paul now breaks into a wake-up call. Two questions follow: is he waking a dead sinner or a sleeping Christian, and where do the words come from, since no Old Testament verse matches them?
Paul introduces the line as if citing Scripture, yet no such sentence exists in the Old Testament. One writer compares two other New Testament quotations that also depart from the exact Old Testament words:
In both of these Scriptures the spirit, not the letter, is what applies to the point in hand. Used this way, it carried divine authority. So in the passage from Ephesians there can be little doubt that Isaiah 60:1 was in Paul's mind. There we read, "Arise, shine, for your light has come, and the glory of the LORD has risen upon you."
Commentators differ on the background. Some point to Isaiah 60, others add Isaiah 52. All agree the words are an adaptation, not an exact quotation.
The person addressed is already alive. He lies among the dead, but he is not one of them:
In verse 14, a sleeping man is called to "awake," not a dead man: he is a believer, but sadly, in what a state. A man asleep is no better than a dog asleep. Neither one notices anything around them.
What Christ promises him says the same thing. He does not need life. He needs light:
The Scriptures alluded to seem to be Isaiah 52 and 60. But the application here is clearly to believers, sleeping among dead men or dead things. They are called to arise, so that Christ may give them light — not life, which would be their first need as unbelievers.
Sleep does not end the believer's life. It ends his usefulness:
Sorrowful condition for a saint to slip into! What use is a sleeper as a witness to God and the truth? Thanks be to God, such are not dead. The spark of divine life is there, and nothing can put it out. But they have sunk into a state of spiritual numbness. They have lost their enjoyment of heavenly grace and their usefulness in testimony.
The promise here is not a thing but a Person:
The unbeliever is dead to God. The true believer, if he does not pay attention to these exhortations, may fall into a condition of sleep. In that sleep he is like a dead man. In such a condition he will not profit from the light of Christ. … It has been well said, "It is Christ Himself who is the source, the expression, and the measure of light for the soul that is awake."
Older translations read "Christ shall give thee light." That is the wording these writers quote. The ESV has Christ shining on the sleeper. Either way, the light comes from outside him, and only then is there something to reflect.
One writer paints it as a picture. The sleeper does not make the light; he lets it in:
Awake, rise and open the shutters of your dark chamber of deathlike sleep. Then the sun can shine in, and Christ can give you light. And if there is in your heart some secret idol-chamber — love of money, or worldliness, or something else that has slipped in between Christ and you and taken His place in your heart — open the door. Let the light of Christ and His word shine in and expose the idol in all its ugliness.
The danger is greatest where the truth is best known:
It is a solemn thing that this call goes to the company who know more than many, as at Ephesus. They had the highest truth, and were in danger of going to sleep over it.
- Sleep. The one called is a believer, not a corpse. He lies among the dead and looks just like them.
- Call. The words echo Isaiah 60:1. They carry its sense, not its exact letter.
- Rise. Christ gives him light, not life; he has life already. This is a call to recovery, not conversion.
- Shine. He gets Christ Himself — the source, the expression and the measure of all the light an awake soul enjoys.
- Reflect. A sleeping saint has no testimony. Only a soul Christ shines on can show anything of God to a hostile world. Those who know the most truth are in the most danger of dozing over it.