And it came to pass at evening time that David arose from off his couch, and walked upon the roof of the king's house; and from the roof he saw a woman bathing, and the woman was very beautiful;
David's army is away at war. He is at home instead — up from his couch, walking on the palace roof in the evening — and one look from that roof leads him into sin.
Walking on the roof in the evening was an ordinary thing to do.
Some roofs were more solidly built, with a low wall around them for safety. People went up on such roofs for private conversation and for prayer (1 Samuel 9:25; Acts 10:9), and in the evening for coolness (2 Samuel 11:2).
David should have been away at the war. He was resting at home instead, and that choice came before the look.
David is no longer acting by faith in God's service. When the time comes for kings to go out to war, he stays at home at his ease. He sends others in his place to fight the LORD's battles. At ease and in idleness he falls readily into sin, as was the case when he sought rest among the Philistines. He was no longer standing by faith.
One writer sets David beside a man who had decided in advance what he would look at.
"I have made a covenant with my eyes; how then could I gaze at a virgin?" — so Job said (Job 31:1). David knew no such covenant. He looks where he should not have looked, and sin soon follows. It is a solemn illustration of James 1:14-15: "But each person is tempted when he is lured and enticed by his own desire. Then desire when it has conceived gives birth to sin, and sin when it is fully grown brings forth death." The king of all Israel had become another Achan: I saw — I coveted — I took (Joshua 7:20-21).
The woman had a husband — one of David's own soldiers, away at the war and fighting for his king.
David is at his house, and on his couch, and then walking on the roof of his house, when he is trapped through his eyes. The woman he finds is a wife, and the wife of one of his own heroic men, now at the war for Israel and for him; but nothing stops him. He is a king, and everything yields to him with the ease that is the curse of power.
We cannot help every sight that meets our eyes. What we do next is ours to decide.
How quickly we are defiled by a look! How quickly we are distracted by what our eyes see... The apostle Paul tells us, "make no provision for the flesh, to gratify its desires" (Romans 13:14). Someone has said that it is the "second look" that is sin. He meant that when you walk in the street and see an unclean thing, a pornographic picture, you cannot help that. But when you stop, or turn to look again, that is deliberate.
David held the highest place in Israel. That is where the warning lands.
No honour that God puts on us can preserve us. There is no possible way for any soul to be kept from sin against the Lord except by self-judgment and dependence. So the more exalted a man is, the more liable he is to fall. Where the eye turns away from the Lord — and this was the case with David — we are all liable to it. I am not speaking of eventual recovery, or of the Lord's preserving grace at the end. But there is no security against dishonouring the Lord along the way, except by continually looking to Him.
One writer measures the David of this verse against the David of earlier days.
There was a time when David would not have been lying on his couch while the armies of the Lord were at war with the enemy. But such is man — even the best of men. When pride swells the heart, or lust dims the eye, who can set a limit to human depravity? Who can define the fearful lengths that even a David can go to when out of communion? Blessed forever be the God of all grace, who has always proved Himself equal to all the demands of His wayward children!
- Place — David was on a roof when he should have been at the front; the wrong place came before the wrong look.
- Look — Job had decided in advance what he would look at. David made no such decision, and looking led to wanting.
- Power — nothing stood in the king's way. One writer calls that ease the curse of power.
- Everyone — honour from God guards no one. Self-judgment, dependence and a steady eye on the Lord do. The higher the place, the greater the danger.
- Grace — no one can measure how far a believer out of communion may go, or how far God's grace reaches to bring him back.
and David sent and inquired after the woman. And one said, Is not this Bathsheba, the daughter of Eliam, the wife of Urijah the Hittite?
David has stayed home from the war, seen a woman from his roof, and now sends someone to find out who she is. The reply gives him three facts — her name, her father, her husband — and the last of them should have ended the matter.
The reply named her husband. That alone should have closed the door. One writer presses the question the verse leaves hanging:
Honest self-judgment should have turned his eyes and his thoughts away at once, but her beauty drew him in. Inquiring about her, he found she was another man's wife. Why did this fact not stop him? He already had seven wives. He knew the law of God, that an adulterer should be put to death (Deut. 22:23-24), but he used his own position as king to break the law of God.
The report does not stop at "married." It names Uriah. Uriah was a soldier in the army David had sent out while he stayed behind. That makes the sin worse than private appetite:
The woman he finds is a wife, and of one of his own heroic men now at the war for Israel and for him; but nothing stops him. He is a king, and everything yields to him with the ease which is the curse of power.
The verse calls Uriah "the Hittite" — an outsider serving Israel's king. Commentators note that his own loyalty later became the thing David could not get around:
A Hittite in David's army, with whose wife, Bathsheba, David committed adultery. The simple faithfulness of Uriah blocked David when he tried to cover his sin.
David's question did not come out of nowhere. Writers trace the fall back to a small choice in the opening verse — staying home:
The lesson he had learned at the end of 2 Samuel 10 ought to have set him at the head of his army again. That is how a fall begins — often so insignificantly. Again and again God rebukes His servant. He fails and God restores him. He falls again, and God lets him follow his own path. David stays behind at Jerusalem. A little idleness pulls him away from the interests of the war. A passer-by appears on the scene: this traveller is lust.
The seriousness of the report hangs on one relationship. One writer shows why adultery weighs heavier than other sexual sin:
It is not only the evil woman, or a strange woman, or a whorish woman. It is the wife of another. The language grows more severe here, because marriage is a divine tie. God hates the breaking of it, and He judges those who break it.
The verse also names her father, Eliam. Years later that family link returns. David's most trusted adviser joins Absalom's revolt:
How was it that Absalom had the nerve to send for David's trusted counsellor? This was another sorrowful bit of reaping from former sin. Ahithophel appears to have been Bathsheba's grandfather. We can well understand that he had never forgiven David for the way he treated his granddaughter. (Compare 2 Sam. 11:3 and 2 Sam. 23:34.)
The passage is not given so readers can feel superior to David. The same writer turns it back on us:
Any of us might easily have done the same thing had we been in David's place. Most of us have not been careful enough to keep our own conscience completely tender and clean. We have not been quick enough to turn our eyes from sights that stir our passions. We are in no position to throw stones at David.
Her own name is left out of Christ's family line. She appears there only through her husband:
The fourth woman is not mentioned by name — "her of Uriah," that is all it says. We know it is Bathsheba, the one with whom King David committed adultery. Here it is sin in connection with a believer. Did that sin committed by King David then undo him as a believer? No, he had believed, and grace had full sway over him.
- Idle. The fall starts before the look. David stays home instead of leading his army, and idleness gives lust its opening.
- Informed. The reply tells him she is married. He learns the one fact that should stop him, and goes on anyway.
- Insulated. His crown removes every obstacle. That ease is the curse of power.
- Inherited. The verse names her father. That family link returns years later in the counsellor who joins the revolt against David.
- Included. Christ's family line keeps her only as the wife of Uriah. The sin stands on record, and grace still rules over a believer's worst failure.
And David sent messengers, and took her; and she came in to him, and he lay with her; and she had purified herself from her uncleanness; and she returned to her house.
David is at home in Jerusalem when he should be at war, and the whole chain begins with a glance from a rooftop. Verse 4 is where the drift becomes an act, and the Lord's anointed becomes an adulterer.
Commentators trace the sin back before the sending, to a man resting at home while the army fought.
While we are at work for the Lord, whatever the work is, our nature is kept under pressure. But when we are at ease, nature begins to work and feels the pull of things around us. Satan will always find mischief for idle hearts as well as idle hands. David was made to feel this. Had he been at Rabbah with his army, his eye would not have rested on something able to stir the corrupt principle within him. The very act of staying home gave the enemy an opening.
The steps from ease to adultery are short, and each one looks small on its own.
The lesson he had learned at the end of 2 Samuel 10 should have put him back at the head of his army again. That is how a fall begins — often in a way that seems so unimportant. Again and again God reproves His servant. The man fails and God restores him. He falls again, and God lets him take his own path. David stays behind at Jerusalem; a little idleness pulls him away from the interests of the war. A passer-by comes on the scene: this traveller is lust. Something that seems desirable catches the king's gaze. His flesh is conquered. The authority he holds becomes the servant of his desire. The evil is carried out. The Lord's anointed is an adulterer!
Writers locate the start of the sin in the unguarded eye.
"I have made a covenant with my eyes; how then could I gaze at a virgin?" said Job (Job 31:1). David knew no such covenant. He looks where he should not have looked, and sin quickly follows. It is a solemn illustration of James 1:14-15: "But each person is tempted when he is lured and enticed by his own desire. Then desire when it has conceived gives birth to sin, and sin when it is fully grown brings forth death." The king of all Israel had become another Achan. "I saw — I coveted — I took" (Joshua 7:20).
David did not sin in ignorance. Two facts made the act worse: he knew the law, and he already had wives.
When he asked about her, he found she was another man's wife. Why did that fact not stop him? He already had seven wives. He knew the law of God, that an adulterer should be put to death (Deut. 22:23-24), but he used his own position as king to break God's law. The woman's husband, Uriah, was a soldier in Joab's army, so he was away from home. David sent messengers to bring her to him.
One writer catches the bitterness of the verse's last two details: she is purified, and she goes home.
The woman he finds is a wife, and the wife of one of his own brave men now at war for Israel and for him; but nothing stops him. He is a king, and everything gives way to him with the ease that is the curse of power. She goes back — purified, sadly! — to her dishonoured home.
This is not an oddity in an otherwise clean life. It measures what still lives in the best of people — and what God's grace is equal to.
Surely we may say there was a time when David would not have lain on his couch while the Lord's armies fought the enemy. There was a time when he would not have exposed a faithful servant to enemy attack to save his own reputation. But such is man — the best of men. When pride swells the heart, or lust dims the eye, who will try to set a limit to human depravity? Who can define the terrible lengths even a David can go to when he is out of communion? Blessed forever be the God of all grace, who has always proved Himself equal to every demand of His wayward children!
One writer turns the point on the reader.
Any of us could easily have done the same thing in David's place. Most of us have not been careful enough to keep our own conscience tender and clean. We have not been quick enough to turn our eyes from sights that stir our passions. We are in no position to throw stones at David.
- One idleness. David stayed home when kings went to war; ease removed the pressure that had been holding his nature down.
- One look. He had made no covenant with his eyes. Seeing became coveting, and coveting became taking — the path of Achan and of James 1:14-15.
- One abuse of power. He knew the law's penalty for adultery. He used his throne to override it, and authority became the servant of his desire.
- One dishonoured home. Bathsheba went back purified from her uncleanness — the ceremony intact, the marriage ruined.
- One warning left in the open. Out of communion, even the best of men can fall without limit. The honest reader stops throwing stones and guards his own eyes, resting in the grace that meets every demand.