Then the end, when he gives up the kingdom to him [who is] God and Father; when he shall have annulled all rule and all authority and power.
This verse draws a boundary line: the point where Christ's reign as Man ends and eternity begins. It raises three questions. When is "the end"? Which kingdom does He hand back? And what does the Son lose when He gives up a throne He was given?
It does not mean the close of the present age. Kelly ties the timing to the act: the kingdom Christ hands over is the kingdom in which He judges. So the handover cannot come before the judging is finished.
Far from being a sad closing note, this moment is the target of everything that went before it.
F. A. HughesReference to "the end" in 1 Corinthians 15:24 most surely indicates that to be the great moment which God Himself ever had in view, and to which His eternal purpose, His counsel and His ways have ever pointed.
The chapter is about a Man raised from the dead, and the kingdom in view is one He holds as Man. Darby adds that giving up this rule takes nothing away from who He is.
J. N. Darby"Then comes the end, when he delivers the kingdom to God the Father" — that is, the kingdom He has received as Man, which the whole chapter is about… "that God may be all in all," not Christ as Mediator. Right now Christ is all in all; but the rule He holds as Mediator will be given up once its purpose is reached… For God as Man to exercise supreme rule and jurisdiction adds nothing to His Godhead; His giving it up takes nothing from it.
He never held the throne for Himself. The reign is service with a set purpose, and that is why it comes to an end.
Numerical Bible NotesThe special kingdom put into His hands as Man is to be handed back. In fact, He takes it only to bring everything into subjection to God… It is not for eternity; it is not even for a long stretch of time… The One who takes it is, through it all, the Servant, as He always was. He takes it, not for His own glory, but for the Father's glory.
Bellett points to a King no one removes — and who alone can answer for what He was given.
J. G. BellettHe can give an account of His stewardship, even though He turns out to be the only One who has ever been able to answer such a challenge. No one will take the Kingdom from Him. He will "deliver it up" as One who has been infinitely faithful — faithful down to the last detail — to Him who appointed Him.
And what He returns is better than what He received.
Walter ScottHe receives the kingdom from God (Luke 19:12), and after ruling it for a thousand years He hands it back to God (1 Cor. 15:24) — not only in the perfection in which He received it, but with greater glory.
The three words are not a vague sweep. Davison gives each one a face, and puts them in order.
George DavisonRule here would be that of the kings of the earth. Authority would be that of Satan. And power would be the power of death. Christ will deal with them in that order… He brings in that kingdom to carry out the reconciliation of all things. When that is done, at the end of His reign, He will hand that authority back to God.
Handing the kingdom to "God the Father" does not narrow the scene to one Person. And it does not end righteousness — it ends the need to enforce it.
William KellyThe purpose is that God — not the Father alone, but Father, Son and Holy Spirit — should be all in all, in place of the kingdom of man in Christ exalted and reigning… First, man in Christ governs everything; then, at the last, God is all in all, where righteousness does not need to rule, but can dwell in endless blessing and peace.
For anyone worn down by the world as it stands, the opening words of the verse carry the weight.
A. J. Pollock"THEN COMES THE END." Hallelujah! The end of sin and sorrow, of blood and tears, of pain and death, of loss and loneliness, of sickness and isolation… the end of unjust power on the throne while righteousness sits persecuted and in prison.
- Received — the kingdom is one Christ takes as Man, a trust placed in His hands, not something added to His Godhead.
- Used — He holds it to clear the field: earthly rule, then Satan's authority, then death's power, in that order.
- Returned — no one removes Him; He hands it back as the one steward who was faithful, and hands it back improved.
- Timed — "the end" is absolute. It comes after all judging is done, at the line where the reign closes and eternity begins.
- Result — God all in all. Father, Son and Spirit fill everything, and righteousness no longer has to rule; it dwells in endless peace.
For he must reign until he put all enemies under his feet.
Paul has just spoken of Christ handing the kingdom back to God the Father. Here he says why the kingdom must first run its course, and that raises two questions: has this reign begun, and how can it end?
The wording here comes from the Psalms. One writer warns us not to mix up the two psalms Paul uses.
William KellyWe must carefully distinguish the words of the two psalms applied to Him in verses 25 and 27: verse 25 uses Psalm 110, verse 27 uses Psalm 8. In Psalm 8, God subjected all things to the Son of Man, once humbled, now risen. This takes in the whole universe as put under Christ, so completely that God alone is left out. But in Psalm 110, the glorified Messiah sits on the throne on high until Jehovah makes Messiah's enemies His footstool. He is waiting until that moment. Then Jehovah will send out the rod of Messiah's strength from Zion, and He will rule among His enemies.
Does this reign begin at the resurrection, or is it still ahead? One writer answers by asking what Christ is doing right now.
William KellyOn 1 Cor. 15:25 one need say little; for it is agreed that the verse speaks of Christ reigning. But not a word implies that it "has already begun." The verse does imply that God will have set Christ's enemies as a footstool for His feet to trample down. Is anyone seriously arguing that Christ is subduing His enemies now, as He will when the kingdom comes? As to actually defeating them, He is quiet now. All His activity is grace: converting foes and feeding His friends. This is so because the members of His body, the church, are not yet complete... But the reigning is when the power given to Him is in full and public operation before the universe.
Some read the subduing of enemies as their gradual conversion. One writer says that reading empties the words of meaning.
Frederick W GrantHe reigns, says the apostle — until when? "Until He has put all His enemies under His feet." Is that conversion? If it is, words have no meaning. No; power subjects those whom grace could not subdue.
The word "until" sets a limit. Christ takes the kingdom for one aim, and gives it up when that aim is reached.
Frederick W GrantThe special kingdom put into His hands as Man is to be delivered up. In fact, He takes it only for the purpose of bringing everything into subjection to God. What He taught His disciples to pray — that the Father's kingdom might come — is what He accomplishes in power by taking the kingdom Himself. It is not for eternity, it is not even for a long period of time... The One who takes it is, in it all, the Minister, as He ever was. He takes it, not for His own glory, but for the Father's glory. God must indeed honor the One who has glorified Him, and will put every enemy under His feet. That is right and necessary.
Because this reign closes, some fear the verse lowers Christ. One writer answers that the kingdom He gives up is one He holds as man, and that giving it up changes nothing in who He is.
J. N. DarbyThe man Christ will subject all things and set all in order. Then He will yield up the kingdom to the Father, and God will be all in all. Giving up the kingdom makes no change in His divinity — note this carefully. Up to that time man had held the kingdom according to the counsels of God. This mediatorial kingdom comes to an end. Christ is neither more nor less God. He was God on the earth and in His humiliation. He will be so in the glory of the kingdom which He will hold as man.
Christ Himself is waiting. Believers wait with Him, though not in the same conditions.
J. N. DarbyHebrews 10:12-13 also teaches that Christ is seated at the right hand of God, waiting until His enemies are made His footstool. We may well wait if Christ is waiting; but we wait in suffering and conflict. He is waiting to reign. Then He will cause full blessing to flow out for His own, whether in heaven or on earth, and He will banish evil from both.
- Seated — Christ is at God's right hand now, waiting; the reign of this verse has not yet started in public power.
- Sent — When the moment comes, He rises to rule. Power puts down the enemies that grace did not win.
- Scope — The subjection reaches the whole universe. God alone stands outside it.
- Surrendered — He takes the kingdom for the Father's glory, not His own. When all is subject to God, He hands it back.
- Same — Giving up that kingdom alters nothing in Him: He was God in humiliation, God in the kingdom, God for ever.
[The] last enemy [that] is annulled [is] death.
Paul is tracing the order of Christ's reign. In the middle of that list of beaten powers he names one that still stands: death. Calling it "the last enemy" raises two questions. Why is death an enemy at all? And why does God leave it standing until the very end?
Most people treat dying as simply part of life. The verse calls it an enemy. One writer describes it as a fortress no human power has ever taken:
The Bible TreasuryDeath is the last great enemy to be destroyed. No one has ever been able to stand against it — not the wisest, not the greatest, not the most powerful of men. No man of science has ever found a cure for it. It stood there from the day Adam fell, like a fortress of the enemy's power that no one could storm. Then the Lord Jesus Christ died. By His death He set free those who were held in slavery all their lives by the fear of death.
The word "last" marks a place in a sequence. It does not fix the date of any believer's death. One commentator sets out three separate victories over death:
William KellyDeath is not the last enemy "to each individual soldier of Christ," for Scripture plainly says, "We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed." But death is the last enemy in the order of God's dealings, which is how the words were meant to be read. There are three stages here. First, the conquest over death at Christ's resurrection, when life and incorruptibility were brought to light through the gospel. Second, the conquest over death at the resurrection of Christ's people at His coming, before the reign. Third, the annihilation of death at the end of that reign, when He shall have put all enemies under His feet.
Later in the same chapter Paul says death is swallowed up in victory. One writer argues that swallowing death up is not the same event as destroying it, and draws a picture:
W. TrotterPicture an enemy who has long had the upper hand. He has laid his cruel grip on the rightful subjects of some great prince. Then the prince's armies swallow him up in victory and set all his captives free. Even so, the prince may spare the tyrant's life. He may leave him alive to serve as jailer to the prince's enemies. That is just how it is here. Death has held the bodies of God's beloved people in his grip. At the coming of the Lord, the Prince of life, death will have to give up every captive... Still, death is not destroyed. For a thousand years longer it is the jailer of those who lived and died in sin.
So when does death itself finally fall? One writer points to the moment when death gives up its dead:
Frederick W. GrantHe reigns, says the apostle — until when? "Till He has put all enemies under His feet." Does that mean His enemies are converted? If it does, words have no meaning. No; He is subduing by power those who would not yield to grace. Death is among these enemies, and "death, the last enemy, shall be destroyed." When? When death and hell (hades), having delivered up their dead, shall be cast into the lake of fire.
The destruction of death is still future. But one writer says the believer's account with death is already closed, and that death now works only under God's hand:
A. PridhamNo enemy of God escapes destruction, and this general destroyer is destroyed last. For the believer, both death and sin, which causes it, are already at an end... When Jesus Christ rose from the dead, He claimed His victorious title as the Captain of Salvation. By dying once for all to sin, He had abolished death and destroyed the one who has the power of death, that is, the devil! While people are still mortal, this enemy is still in force — but only as an instrument in the hand of the Lord of the living and the dead.
Because the title is already won, the Christian can look at the same enemy and give it a different name:
Hamilton SmithDeath will make a glorious change for a believer. It is only crossing the Dead Sea, and he will be with Christ... Though death is a bitter cup, there is sugar at the bottom. The flesh calls death the last enemy (1 Cor. 15:26), but faith calls it the best friend. It brings a man to Christ, which is far better.
- Enemy — Death is not nature's arrangement. It is a hostile power. It has stood since Adam's fall, a fortress no man has ever taken.
- Last — The word marks a place in a sequence, not a personal timetable. Some believers will never die at all, for not all will sleep.
- Stages — Three conquests, not one. Christ rose first. His people rise at His coming. Death itself is annihilated at the close of His reign.
- Destroyed — The final blow falls when death and hades give up their dead and go into the lake of fire. Power subdues what grace could not win.
- Friend — Since Christ has already won the victory, the enemy the flesh dreads is the friend faith uses to reach Christ.
For he has put all things in subjection under his feet. But when he says that all things are put in subjection, [it is] evident that [it is] except him who put all things in subjection to him.
Paul is arguing for resurrection. To seal the argument he reaches back to Psalm 8, a song about man set over the works of God's hands. This verse raises two questions. How wide is "all things"? And why does Paul point out that the One who did the subjecting is not included?
Verse 25 and verse 27 do not quote the same scripture, and the difference matters. One writer sets them side by side:
William KellyThe main point is God's exaltation of the risen Man, the Lord Jesus, in contrast with fallen Adam. We must tell apart the words of the two psalms applied to Him in verses 25 and 27: Psalm 110 in the first, Psalm 8 in the second. According to Psalm 8, God subjected all things to the Son of Man, once humbled, now risen. This takes in the whole universe as put under Christ, so completely that God alone is excepted. According to Psalm 110, the glorified Messiah sits on the throne on high until Jehovah makes Messiah's enemies His footstool.
How far does this rule reach? The New Testament widens the circle step by step:
Edward DennettIn Psalm 8, whatever might have been in the mind of the Spirit, the things put under Him do not appear to go wider than rule over the whole earth… But when we come to the letter to the Ephesians, we see that the circle grows wider. It now takes in things in heaven as well as things on earth… Then also, if we look again at Philippians 2, we find that things under the earth are to be put under Christ too. His rule will have no limit. It will be as wide as the whole universe, for nothing is excepted, as Paul teaches, except Him, God the Father, who put all things under Him.
The single limit Paul names is not a weakness in the statement. It is what makes the statement airtight:
J. N. DarbyGod the Father is not put under Him, but that very exception proves in the strongest way that everything else is — God the Father being alone excepted.
The exception is also unavoidable, because the subjecting is an act of God:
F. B. HoleFirst Corinthians 15 points out that the putting of all things under His feet is an act of God, so the One who acts must be left out of the statement. Hebrews 2 says that, apart from this one exception, the statement covers everything. There is nothing at all that is not put under Him.
The verse does not describe God's nature. It describes God's plan for governing everything. And the One who holds that place holds it as Man:
J. N. DarbyNotice that what is spoken of here is God's purpose for the government of all things, not His nature. And these things are said of the Son, as man. This is not an arbitrary explanation. The passage comes from Psalm 8, and its subject is the raising of man to the place of head over all things, God putting all things under His feet.
Commentators put the stress differently here. One notes that Paul's verb is present, so the matter is already decided in God's sight:
Leslie M. GrantVerse 27 quotes Psalm 8, and it does so in the present tense. Today God has already put all things under Christ's feet. Yet the public display of this in power will not be complete until the Great White Throne. The issue is settled now, but the full showing of it is still future.
Another keeps the weight on what is still missing from view:
J. N. DarbyChrist is already crowned with glory and honour, after being made a little lower than the angels so that He could suffer death. But all things have not been put under His feet, for He is not yet sitting on His own throne. He is on His Father's throne, at the right hand of the Majesty in the heavens.
Since the church is His body, it is not counted among the things placed under Him:
William KellyWe are by grace heirs of God, and joint-heirs with Christ, who is set as Head over all things. The Church is His body, and so is joined with Him in His supremacy over all things. Be careful not to count the Church among the "all things." It is not one of them. The Church is part of Him — yes, the fulness of Him who fills all in all. The Church is the body of the One who is Head over all things.
- Psalm. Verse 27 quotes Psalm 8, the song of man set over the works of God's hands. It is a different psalm from the Psalm 110 words used two verses earlier.
- Man. All things are put under the risen Son as Man. The verse shows God's plan for governing everything, not God's nature.
- All. The reach grows from earth in the psalm, to things in heaven, to things under the earth — as wide as the universe.
- Except One. The one exception is God, who did the subjecting. Naming Him proves that everything else is included.
- Yours. The church is not among the "all things." She is the body of the One who is Head over them all.
But when all things shall have been brought into subjection to him, then the Son also himself shall be placed in subjection to him who put all things in subjection to him, that God may be all in all.)
The chapter's argument ends by looking past the resurrection, past the reign of Christ, to the final state of everything. It closes on a line that has puzzled readers ever since: the Son Himself takes a place of subjection.
The verse before this one quotes Psalm 8. One writer separates what is already settled from what is still to be seen.
Leslie M. GrantVerse 27 quotes Psalm 8, and it does so in the present tense. Today God has already put all things under Christ's feet. But the public display of this in power will not be complete until the Great White Throne. The matter is settled now; the full showing of it is still future. Yet God's putting all things under the feet of the Son of Man clearly does not mean that God Himself is subject. Indeed, the Son of Man is the One God appointed to bring all things into subjection — not only to Himself, but to God.
The kingdom He gives up is one He holds as Man. Handing it back changes nothing in who He is.
J. N. DarbyThen the man Christ, when He has subjected all things and set all in order, will give up the kingdom to the Father (1 Cor. 15), and God will be all in all. Note this carefully: giving up the kingdom makes no change in His divinity. Up to that time Man had held the kingdom according to the counsels of God. This mediatorial kingdom comes to an end. Christ is neither more nor less God. He was God on the earth and in His humiliation. He will be so in the glory of the kingdom which He will hold as man. He will be so when, as man, He shall be subject to God.
The word "subject" carries an assumption we should drop before reading the verse.
F. B. HoleIn becoming Man the Son took the subject place, and He keeps that place for all eternity. This is clear proof that He has taken up Manhood for ever. Subjection, remember, does not have to mean inferiority. The Son was in no way inferior to the Father when here on earth, nor will He be in eternity… The Son keeps His place in Manhood as Head and Sustainer of the whole new creation, which exists as the fruit of His work. This guarantees that evil will never break into it, and that it will stay in its original splendour for ever.
He stays Man for ever. That settles how He will stand among His people.
Edward DennettWhen Christ has handed over the kingdom and Himself becomes subject, He takes His place from then on as Man among the redeemed — but as the Firstborn among His brothers. In every circle in which He is pleased to move He must be pre-eminent, must have the first place. His Father is our Father, and His God our God. But throughout eternity, while we stand as sons with Him before the Father's face, He will always be the Firstborn.
The verse ends with the word God, not with the Father alone.
Hamilton SmithThe Son does not cease to be God and one with the Father, just as He was on earth… The verse does not say that the Father may be all in all. It says that God — the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit — may be all in all.
The phrase has two halves, and each half says something different.
F. B. HoleAt the close of Christ's mediatorial kingdom, God purposes to take everything into His own hands and to be all in all (1 Cor. 15:28). He will be "in all" for He will pervade the whole of the realms of light, and each and all who dwell therein, whether in heaven or on earth. He will be "all" for He will be the supreme and exclusive Object of every soul that He fills.
A similar phrase closes Colossians 3:11, and readers often mix the two.
William KellyThe last part of this verse is often confused with the close of Col. 3:11. Colossians applies now; this verse waits until the end of the millennium. It is the grand mark of the eternal state (see Rev. 21:1-8). Even now Christ is all and in all. Before God, and to the eye of faith, His death and resurrection have wiped out every merely human and earthly feature in those who are one with Him.
- Delegated. God has already put all things under Christ's feet. The open display waits for the end, and He is the One appointed to bring everything into subjection to God.
- Handed back. He gives up the kingdom He holds as Man. That changes nothing in His divinity: He is neither more nor less God.
- Subject. He took the subject place in becoming Man and keeps it for ever. Subjection is not inferiority.
- Firstborn. He stays Man, so the redeemed have Him among them for ever — always first, and the new creation He heads is safe from evil for ever.
- All in all. God — Father, Son, and Holy Spirit — will fill everything and be the one Object of every soul. That is the eternal state, not the present one.